Post Traumatic Stress Disorder In Veterans :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

For more than twenty years, Patricia Dietz, a wife of a Vietnam veteran, has suffered along with her husband the effects of post traumatic dialect overthrow. She has stated that, It has changed everything it has affected the rest of his and her life. Post Traumatic adjudicate Disorder (PTSD) is when a person is haunted by his memories so bad that it affects not only if the rest of his life, but others close to him as well. Any time there is a traumatic event, physical danger, or threat or personal danger, this disorder is able to appear in ones life (USA at once Magazine). A key factor is the persons response to this event, whether it happens to them or they argon witnesses to feelings of intense fear, helplessness, or horror (USA Today Magazine). To be classified as PTSD the symptoms must last longer than one month, and usually appear within six months to a year later on the event (USA Today Magazine). Jim Dwyer describes Traumatic memories as frozen in time, waiting to thaw (Block, Norris). PTSD has become a common match among the armed forces as well as the police, and it has spread throughout society (Fitzpatrick). After Vietnam, PTSD appeared and was rapidly taken over from the veterans (Fitzpatrick).There are a large government issue of symptoms of PTSD. The Veterans symptoms can be identical to those symptoms experienced when the actual trauma was occurring (Panzarino). symptoms include May be prone to insomnia, irritability, or outbursts of anger, difficulty concentrating, and an exaggerated galvanize response when ball over (USA Today Magazine). Michael Wheeler, a Vietnam veteran, is divorced because of PTSD, he was having thoughts of suicide, he couldnt handle life, he thought he was going crazy (Block, Norris). More symptoms are night terrors (dreams), flashbacks, and repeated/intrusive thoughts of traumatic events (USA Today Magazine). Many PTSD sufferers develop depression and anxiety or obsessive/compulsive disorder, in add-on to alcoho l or drug problems (USA Today Magazine).Of all the Wars in which Americans have fought Vietnam was without a doubt the one in which soldiers experienced the greatest psychological difficulties (Welsh 58). In the Vietnam war the opponent didnt have a uniform, they could be hidden in with some of your allies this caused a lot of confusion and led to the saying I wasnt really received what was going on, and is probably the key reason why there are so many PTSD sufferers (Welsh 58).Post Traumatic Stress Disorder In Veterans Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSDFor more than twenty years, Patricia Dietz, a wife of a Vietnam veteran, has suffered along with her husband the effects of post traumatic stress disorder. She has stated that, It has changed everything it has affected the rest of his and her life. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is when a person is haunted by his memories so badly that it affects not only the rest of his life, but others close to him as well. Any time t here is a traumatic event, physical danger, or threat or personal danger, this disorder is able to appear in ones life (USA Today Magazine). A key factor is the persons response to this event, whether it happens to them or they are witnesses to feelings of intense fear, helplessness, or horror (USA Today Magazine). To be classified as PTSD the symptoms must last longer than one month, and usually appear within six months to a year after the event (USA Today Magazine). Jim Dwyer describes Traumatic memories as frozen in time, waiting to thaw (Block, Norris). PTSD has become a common condition among the armed forces as well as the police, and it has spread throughout society (Fitzpatrick). After Vietnam, PTSD appeared and was rapidly taken over from the veterans (Fitzpatrick).There are a large number of symptoms of PTSD. The Veterans symptoms can be identical to those symptoms experienced when the actual trauma was occurring (Panzarino). symptoms include May be prone to insomnia, irri tability, or outbursts of anger, difficulty concentrating, and an exaggerated startled response when shocked (USA Today Magazine). Michael Wheeler, a Vietnam veteran, is divorced because of PTSD, he was having thoughts of suicide, he couldnt handle life, he thought he was going crazy (Block, Norris). More symptoms are night terrors (dreams), flashbacks, and recurrent/intrusive thoughts of traumatic events (USA Today Magazine). Many PTSD sufferers develop depression and anxiety or obsessive/compulsive disorder, in addition to alcohol or drug problems (USA Today Magazine).Of all the Wars in which Americans have fought Vietnam was without a doubt the one in which soldiers experienced the greatest psychological difficulties (Welsh 58). In the Vietnam war the enemy didnt have a uniform, they could be hidden in with some of your allies this caused a lot of confusion and led to the saying I wasnt really sure what was going on, and is probably the key reason why there are so many PTSD suffe rers (Welsh 58).

Goegraphy of Dominica :: Essays Papers

GoegraphyThe geography of Dominica is quite unique. It is an island fortress unlike any other island in the Caribbean, and is the largest and most mountainous of the Windward Islands. The island was created by volcanic activity, and tranquilize today shows signs of active volcanic activity. Its steep mountains prevented colonists from completely taking over and have made the island a prime destination for Eco-tourists. The island contains over 3,000 peaks, the tallest of which are Morne Diablotin (4,747 ft) and Morne Trois Pitons (4,600ft). (www.delphis.com) The island itself is situated between the French islands of Guadeloupe to the north and Martinique to the south. It is 29 miles long and 16 miles wide, and covers 290 square miles. Its exact location is approximately 15 degrees North and 61 degrees West (www.delphis.dm). The island of Dominica is post to the only surviving population of Carib Indians. This was only possible because of Dominicas treacherous mountains. Ea rly European colonist were not able to drive out or kill all the natives as they had done on other islands. The Caribs now live in the Carib Territory, a 3700-acre reservation on the northeast coast, which was disposed(p) to them in 1903. The reservation has a chief and is home to between 300 3000 Caribs (the exact number of Caribs is hard to determine because without detail genealogy records it hard to come up or disprove that someone actually is a Carib). (www.delphis.dm) The recent boom in eco-tourism has made Dominica one of the premiere tourist destinations both in the Caribbean and in the world. In recent years Dominica has designated more national parks, forests and marine reserves per capita than nearly anywhere else in the world. Dominicas largest national park is the Morne Trois Pitons National Park. It covers 17,000 country (9% of the island), and is home to the worlds largest boiling lake. The lake is 70 yards across with an unknown depth and the lake is situat ed over a massive volcanic sulfur vent, which keeps the irrigate temperature between 180 197 degrees Fahrenheit. The park is also home to several waterfalls over 100 feet tall. The average temperature range is between 75 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. Average rain varies between 50 inches on coastal areas, and 300 inches with in the interior. The driest months are from January to June, and hurricane season which is usually between July and early October.

Heart of Darkness - Summary Essay -- essays research papers

Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is based on Conrads firsthand experience of the Congo region of West Africa. Conrad was actually sent up the Congo River to an inner station to rescue a company component who died a few days later aboard ship. The story is told by a seaman named Charlie Marlow and is rearranged through the thoughts of an unidentified listening narrator. This story, on level, is simply rough a voyage into the heart of the Congo. On another level, it is about the journey into the soul of mankind.      On a boat anchored in the Thames River outside London, a leghorn named Marlow remarks to his friends that the land theyre standing on was once a place of darkness and an uncivilized wilderness. This contemplation leads him to remember an incident in his past when he commanded a steamboat on the Congo River. When retelling his story, Marlow is a young man anxious to see the unexplored African jungles. An influential aunt in obtains an position as cap tain of a Congo steamer for Marlow. But when he arrives at the Companys Outer Station in Africa, hes faced with a horrible display of unforgiving slavery and white greed and hostility.      In a shady grove he discovers a crew of sickly African workers that have crawled away to die. He also meets the Companys chief accountant, who mentions a man named Kurtz who is a remarkable agent that has sent more ivory from the jungle than the other agents combined. Marlows interest is perked in Kurtz and entrust eventually grow into an unhealthy obsession and become the focus of the story. After a difficult journey, Marlow arrives at the Companys Central Station where he learns that the steamer he was supposed to command has been destroyed in a wreck. He meets the local manager, who mentions Kurtz and says that Kurtz is assumed to be ill at his station up the river and that its necessary to spend a penny to him as quickly as humanly possible.      One night Marlow talks with one of the agents at the station, who speaks of Kurtz with great esteem and admiration but also with displeasure at the talents that make him a likely candidate for a job promotion. He says that Kurtz is one of those types of men that have come to Africa not only to get wealth, but with the notion of spreading enlightenment to the uneducated people. On another occasion, while na... ...ach his minions camp. Marlow and Kurtz make an intense departure the next day, surrounded by warriors who seem ready to attack under the leadership of a barbaric looking woman. But Marlow, again, sounds the whistle and frightens them away. As they sail back down the river on the vessel, Kurtzs life slowly slips away and on his deathbed he has a moment of enlightenment or a vision, and he cries out, "The horror The horror" before he dies.      Marlow is also stricken by the fever that claimed Kurtz life and nearly dies. He survives the fever and re turns to Brussels. Upon arriving in Brussels, he decides to visit Kurtzs fiance to inform her of her means passing. In mourning, she is heartbreakingly devoted to the memory of Kurtz, whom she thinks was noble and generous until the end of his life. She pleads with Marlow to relay to her Kurtzs last words and Marlow simply cannot bear to tell her of Kurtzs true nature or what really happened. And so, sparing her emotions and not finding it within himself to shatter her illusions "The last word he pronounced was- your name," he says to her and she shrieks and collapses in tears.

Comparison Of 1984 By George Orwell To The Actual 1984 Essay -- Compar

Comparison Of 1984 By George Orwell To The Actual 1984 Since the onset of the United States, Americans have always viewed the future in two ways one, as the perfect society with a perfect government, or two, as a communisticic hell where free bequeath no longer exists and no one is happy. The novel 1984 by George Orwell is a combination of both theories. On the big(a) side, a communist say exists which is enforced with supervision technology and loyal patriots. On the good side, however, everyone in the society who was born after the hostile takeover, which converted the once democratic government into a communist government, isnt angry about their life, nor do they wish to change any aspect of their life. For the few infidels who exist, it is a maddening existence, of constant work and brainwashing. George Orwells novel was definitely various from the actual 1984, but how different were they? They were different in 3 ways government, society, and notion.1984 starts out with a so called traitor to the party, Winston Smith, walking through the streets nervously discover the video cameras that are watching his every move. He makes his way into his apartment and produces a journal from his coat pocket. He thinks that even this simple act of attempting to go track of time and history could get him vaporized. This scene portrays the strong grip the government has on its patrons. A person either obeys them, or is killed, or throw off into a forced labor camp. After Winston starts an illegal affair with a younger woman he gets careless and the party finds out that he has pull what they call thought crimes. A thought crime is the intent to do something illegal but not actually doing it. In Winstons world a thought crime is just as severe as a physical crime. They arrest him and his girlfriend and torture them until they realize what they did was wrong and that they go to sleep the party and will never do anything to hurt it again.The two governmental system s were different in a very major way. The actual government of England in 1984 was a democracy. This democracys tail was made up of a parliament and a prime minister. Most other nations of the time had the same set up. In Orwells novel an oligarchic state existed. Airstrip One, which is the area we call England, was home to Winston and the central government of Oceania (a large natio... ...omething without actually doing it. In Oceania a thought crime is just as bad as a physical crime.The penalty for such an offense is that you are taken to the Ministry of Love, but not killed. You are now brainwashed until you love the Party. Obrien, an inner party member, justifies this by stating that all great nations of the past fell because they killed all people who didnt like them. The Party will never fall because they dont seduce martyrs. All people they eliminate love the Party when they are finally killed. For example Winston is captured and brought to the Ministry of Love, he then i s brainwashed and released to society when he truly desire the Party. Once he lived in the community for a while longer he is shot in the back of the head. The trains of thought, government, and society of the year 1984 versus George Orwells 1984 are all the way different. After looking at the differences I stated, the reason why most people who have read the book feel sorry for Winston should be more apparent than ever. The creation of books with story lines like 1984 help to shape our opinions of how the world should be, and make our views stronger than they have ever been.

Letter of Motivation Essays -- essays papers

Letter of MotivationMy educational background is quite diverse. I spent my last three years at the Geelong College Australia, and move over successfully holy year 12 there. My choices of subjects reflected the diversity of my interests - English, Mathematics, International Studies, Legal Studies, and Economics. I excelled in International Studies and was awarded Academic Merit. Upon my return to Surabaya at the start of year 1999, I be IBMT (Institute of Business Management and Technology), an International University which follows the United States curriculum, at which I majored in International Management. The subjects I took were Accounting I and II, Sociology, Psychology, World Civilization, English Composition, Public Speaking, and organisational Management. I finished the semester with a GPA of 3.6. The excellent quality of the University, as well as helpful teachers and friends, have contributed immensely to my success.In the classroom I can do much more than to warm the se at I can add a lot to class discussions. As I have grown older and more mature, I have begun to realise the value and significance of helping others and contributing to my surrounding community. I was involved in many another(prenominal) clubs and social activities such as the United Nations Youth Conferences, Geelong Radio Station, Peer Education Street Theatre, 40 Hours Famine Committee, Amnesty International, a badminton club and basketball club. I also value very much my work experience at Weight...

Letter of Motivation Essays -- essays papers

Letter of MotivationMy educational background is quite diverse. I spent my last three years at the Geelong College Australia, and name successfully stainless year 12 there. My choices of subjects reflected the diversity of my interests - English, Mathematics, International Studies, Legal Studies, and Economics. I excelled in International Studies and was awarded Academic Merit. Upon my return to Surabaya at the start of year 1999, I attended IBMT (Institute of Business Management and Technology), an International University which follows the United States curriculum, at which I majored in International Management. The subjects I took were Accounting I and II, Sociology, Psychology, World Civilization, English Composition, Public Speaking, and organizational Management. I finished the semester with a GPA of 3.6. The excellent quality of the University, as well as helpful teachers and friends, have contributed immensely to my success.In the classroom I can do much more than to warm the seat I can add a lot to class discussions. As I have grown older and more mature, I have begun to realise the value and significance of helping others and contributing to my surrounding community. I was involved in galore(postnominal) clubs and social activities such as the United Nations Youth Conferences, Geelong Radio Station, Peer Education Street Theatre, 40 Hours Famine Committee, Amnesty International, a badminton club and hoops club. I also value very much my work experience at Weight...

Apartheid Sources Question Essay

Part 2 Explain whether any one of the eventors in the list was more than important than the others.The ending of white minority eclipse in South Africa was down to a mixture of all of these points. Without all of these points, the ending of the majority rule might non chip in happened. All of the points form the international isolation all of the way up to the actions of De Klerk contributed to the end of the majority rule. However, if I had to put them into place of importance, I would say that Mandelas actions were the most important, closely followed by the actions of De Klerk.Nelson Mandela was the one most involved with the ending of the majority rule, as he has the most connect with the different points. Firstly, Mandela was responsible for the organization of the MK, and for many of the other ANC movements and many other black protests. He was an inspiration for many of the protests and riots even when he was in prison. If he hadnt bring in done any of these things in the first place, then the government would not have imprisoned him, and then he would not have gained the international and political attention that he did while he was in prison.This international and political awareness of the problems in South Africa that Nelson Mandela caused also brought around the frugal sanctions. The sanctions and the vast disinvestments had put South Africas economy into considerable trouble, and this is what drove De Klerk to realise that the Apartheid had to be stopped. If he had not realised this, then he would not have come to power in South Africa, and he would not have released Mandela from prison, starting the negotiations that led to the CODESA talks.De Klerk was also pressured into these actions by the increased violence caused by black protests and riots after Mandelas release. Again, if Mandela had not have been around, the inspiration would not have been there, the MK would not have been set up, and who knows what would have happened.Another li nk with Mandela is the fact that De Klerk decided to talk to him instead of one of the other black rights leaders around at the time. This is down to the fact that De Klerk saw Mandela as someone he could compromise with him, a reasonable man who would see things fairly, and would not solely be out for revenge. If Mandela had not of been perceived like this by De Klerk, then it is accomplishable that De Klerk would have followed the same route as his predecessors had, and he could have just continued with the idea of apartheid, and white minority rule.Therefore, without all of Mandelas actions, De Klerk would not have been as effective in the ending of white minority rule in South Africa, the economic sanctions might not have been used as early as they were, or to such a great extent, and the pressure from the black protests would not have been as strong as it was.However, along with Mandelas actions, the other factors had to take place themselves, and without these, the end of the white minority rule would not have been reached when it was.

Advantages of Credit Cards

Throughout history, men invented ingenious ways to solve problems. Some simple, but most willing leave a big touch on on our future. Men invented trading as means to raise things that is needed, with another individual who regards what the trader has. But sometimes, what we want to trade with is not what the tradee wants. So currency is formed. Currency is accumulatable, powerful and can be used to acquire our wants and needs. Currency had been created in many shapes and sizes.When it was first invented, odd metals such as silver and gold chips are the most widely used. But in our modern era, paper currency reigns dominance. As time goes on, men started craving, craving for thing or stuff and nonsense objects that only money can buy. And one might not have the funds to buy such things or if that certain desire costs a lot, bringing a whole load of cash with you to the store might not be such a good idea for many reasons. And so the consultation pecker is invented. This small little piece of plastic will leave a big impact on society.There are repercussions of mis victimisation this object but lets talk about the advantages for now. So what exactly are the advantages of address cards? BUY TICKETS OR SHOP ONLINE EASILY In modern society, people have found ingenious ways to make acquiring everyday needs or material objects of desired. Grocery shops were invented so that we move intot need to wake up early and go all the way to farms to get fresh food exchangeable vegetables, eggs and meat. But what if we want require specific items, something that is not common but it needed as quick as possible.We might go or so asking our friends and relatives to acquire those items. How troublesome would that have been, or had been as people actually did this back then. But then, utilizing the power of the internet, people had discovered that they can acquire things that are unusually rare, but is available. Sometimes from a seller from another country. To buy, mea ns to pay. But how do we pay someone from another country? get off a wad of cash in an envelope to the seller might not be such a good idea, as mail do get lost from time to time.And so the credit card plays the role in rectifying this problem. Using the credit card we can pay the seller using borrowed funds from the bank and send it to the seller in the form of digital data in which will then be added to the account of the seller and indeed the seller is paid. We can acquire things easily from the internet, and now with the usage of credit card,everything we need can be acquired. If it exists, if it is being sold, it can be acquired. It doesnt look if its in China, New York or timbuctoo.And lets say if something is on sale or your favorite band is having a concert in your hometown but you dont have enough cash to buy it and if you wait until your pay check to arrive, your opportunity is recollective gone. Dont worry your credit card is here to help. Instant currency with just a swipe of the card or a few presses of some numbers and information on the internet. No longer will you have to wait in line at the airport to buy tickets, you get get them through the internet using your credit card in just a few minutes.Nowadays people would rather stay home and shop through the internet than having to endure a long drive to the local mall especially if during the peak hours where there are traffic jams. Sites such as Lazada. com are common shopping websites that welcomes the usage of credit cards. Its like a virtual mall in which the items bought need not be carried in accumulative quantities to the car park, but is put in a virtual shopping cart and then sent directly onto your doorsteps after the credit card payment has been made.

T.V Soap Opera Analysis

Anna Shvets Jennifer Katman Tuesday Thursday T. V Class April 26,2010 T. V Soap opera Analysis In the T. V series of Will and Grace, there is whizz courageous male character named Will, one male character named shite who acts feminine, a straight female character named Grace and heterosexual female named Kargonn which is Graces friend. Will and Grace who live together are both looking for love, save will never find it with each other because Will is gay and Grace is straight. All of these characters play and important role in this show any gay or straight.I displace tell whether the characters are gay or straight by how they act towards each other or beneficial in general. Will is a gay male who is very handsome and attractive, and dallys as a successful lawyer in Manhattan. When he attends work it is a total institution because there is authority over him and he has to follow certain kind of rules to not get fired. In the show, he doesnt act gay to me because he lives with Grace and acts very high class. His gay side comes disclose when he goes on a date or to a gay bar.This is another total institution when he goes to gay bars because usually the gay people are in authority and pretty ofttimes there are rules On the other hand, Jack who acts feminine who plays a really funny role back tootht find a handicraft so he is unemployed. His role as a male is hilarious because he totally acts like a girl but doesnt hid on men point so though, judging his outside I would think that he is the more gay one. flat though he is funny he is runny because he has nothing to depend on for example a job to help him provide money. The portrayals of the gale males in this show are positive.Their roles are humorous throughout all the series. Jack is al manners acting feminine and Will is al looks acting more serious but thats what makes him be more humorous. It is shown in a multidimensional way because it shows Will who acts as a more serious gay male and it show s Jack who acts more feminine but is mollify considered gay. I can tell thats the portrayal is more positive because even though the T. V show has gay males, it doesnt show them qualification out or creation all touchy, it just shows an example of gay males who view a big sense of humor.On the other hand when you return to relate it back to the real world you can see that not all gay men are like that. There was one circumstance where Grace took Jack to her dinner party party, and Jack couldnt settle down until they got out of there because he was very suspicious what people would think of him. He was expecting to have all eyes one him, which would make him feel very uncomfortable and maybe even hearing some name calling. At the dinner party Jack gave compliments to everyone, and one of Graces coworkers really adored Jack because he was in love with her shoes and I dont even think she noticed that he was gay.The image that this program portrays of gay men is both good and bad from different points of views. For example, I am against gays because thats against my religion. Even though I dont like homosexuality, that doesnt mean that I hate every gay or lesbian person out there, it just means that I dont like what they do or what they believe in. I have seen many gay males everywhere, at the mall, at salons and they seem to be the nicest people with great personalities but I just dont like the whole gay part.To other people who are for gays, I think that this program shows them an even better side of gays because they are filled with humor. Some of the pictures that are shown with gay males holding hands or hugging do bother me because I dont think that its right. There was a part where Grace said something like real importunate but Jack didnt get offended but if you look at it from a side you would say that it is ok to call people names. That is a negative solution on society because if you have a child and saw a lady on T.V calling a gay guy a faget, it would not be ok for her to call a gay guy she sees on the street a faget. The content of this program contributes to our socialization process because in sociology we learn to view things from other peoples perspectives and being gay or lesbian is what people choose to be even though some are against it. From society we learn that gay men can also reach a goal in life and have a high paying job or look handsome because they are also people that want a good future. From these T.V shows we can analyze a lot but we need to here every character before we make a decision whether we like the show or not. I do acknowledge that there are negative effects and there are positive ones. For example my mom told me that this show is a way of making people gay because it shows men happy and funny so men just try to be like them. She says that it is a negative effect on us and everyone who watches it. Opinion- In my opinion, I think that the TVs powers of socialization is going a little bit out of control because everything is being shown on TV that was never shown before and its starting to become normal.Im not verbalize if you watch it youre going to want to be gay. I just dont remember having so many shows with gay characters. Either was I thinking it is good that they have characters like that that way we dont cut any kind of people off. Gay people are just like you and me In this show there is one thing that I absolutely did not like. It was the fact that Grace and Will find love but at the same time there is invariably something wrong with it.When grace bring someone home Will like them at first and hates him after he uses Grace. This show is an on going contradictory story about these four characters that try to get love but somehow it fires back at them say there isnt any true up love out there. Its a bumber to watch those kind of thing because when kids watch it they can have a negative effect on themselves saying that theres no point looking for mr. write or for my princess. When having a negative affect from a show it makes you think about how you can change it.

How Starbucks Uses Pricing Strategy Essay

Last Thursday Starbucks raised their beverage bells by an bonnie of 1% crossways the U.S, a move that represented the social clubs first significant value increase in 18 months. I failed to notice because the price change didnt affect grande or venti (medium and large) brewed coffees and I dont mess with smaller surfaces, but anyone who purchases tall size (small) brews saw as a lot as a 10 cent increase. The companys third quarter net income rose 25% to $417.8 million from $333.1 million a stratum earlier, and green coffee prices look at plummeted, so what gives?Starbucks claims the price increase is due to rising labor and non-coffee good be, but with the significantly lower coffee cost already improving their profit margins, it seems unlikely this justification is the true reason for the hike in prices. In addition, the price hike was applied to less than a third of their beverages and only targets certain regions. Implementing such a specific and minor price increase wh en the bottom line is already in great digit might seem like a greedy tactic, but the Starbucks approach to pricing is one we can all use to improve our margins. As weve tell before, it only takes a 1% increase in prices to raise profits by an average of 11%. Value Based Pricing Can get up MarginsFor the most part, Starbucks is a master of employing measure out primaryd pricing to maximize profits, and they use research and customer analysis to formulate targeted price increases that capture the great amount consumers are willing to pay without driving them off. Profit maximization is the touch on by which a company determines the price and product output train that generates the most profit. While that may seem obvious to anyone involved in running a business, its rare to see companies using a value based pricing approach to effectively uncover the maximum amount a customer base is willing to spend on their products. As such, allows take a look at how Starbucks introduces price hikes and see how you can use their approach togenerate higher profits.While cutting prices is astray accepted as the best way to keep customers during tough times, the practice is rarely based on a deeper analysis or testing of an echt customer base. In Starbucks case, price increases throughout the companys history have already deterred the most price sensitive customers, leaving a sure, higher-income consumer base that perceives these coffee beverages as an affordable luxury. In order to compensate for the customers lost to cheaper alternatives like Dunkin Donuts, Starbucks raises prices to maximize profits from these price unsusceptible customers who now depend on their strong gourmet coffee.Rather than trying to compete with cheaper chains like Dunkin, Starbucks uses price hikes to separate itself from the pack and reinforce the premium image of their brand and products. Since their loyal following isnt especially price sensitive, Starbucks coffee maintains a fairly i nelastic demand curve, and a small price increase can have a huge positive impact on their margins without decreasing demand for beverages. In addition, only certain regions are targeted for each price increase, and prices vary across the U.S. depending on the current markets in those areas (the most recent hike affects the Northeast and Sunbelt regions, but Florida and California prices remain the same).They also apply price increases to specific drinks and sizes kind of than the whole lot. By raising the price of the tall size brewed coffee exclusively, Starbucks is able to capture consumer surplus from the customers who more value in upgrading to grande after witnessing the price of a small drip with tax climb over the $2 mark. By versioning the product in this way, the company can enjoy a reasonably higher margin from these customers who were persuaded by the price hike to purchase larger sizes.Starbucks also expertly communicates their price increases to manipulate consumer p erception. The price hike might be based on an analysis of the customers willingness to pay, but they associate the increase with what appears to be a fair reason. Using increased commodity costs to justify the price as well as statements that aim to make the hike look insignificant (less than a third of beverages will be affected, for example) booster foster an attitude of acceptance. What can Your Business Learn From Starbucks?The profit maximizing tactics Starbucks implements in their pricing strategy are vital components of a process anyone can use. Here are some of the takeaways you can apply to your own business1. Study your customer personas. Starbucks understands that the majority of their customer base is fairly insensitive to price, and uses small price increases that everyday consumers barely notice to boost margins. Quantify your buyer personas and the demand for your product or service will help you demand a price that captures the maximum amount your customers are wi lling to pay.2. Justify the exchange rate for your product. Communicating price increases effectively is crucial to a sure-fire price hike, and managing customer perception is a key part of the Starbucks strategy. Support your price increases using changes in the market such as higher commodity costs and ease the pain on the consumer by finding an attractive way to publicize the new prices. Starbucks said their beverage prices were increasing by an average of 1%, but that low average probably stemmed from including all of their beverages in the equation, including ones that remained at the same prices.3. Use product differentiation to put your company in the lead. You can justify maximizing your profits using the fairest of reasons, but if the customers dont value your service the way they value a savory cup of coffee, then a decrease in demand is inevitable. Build a service or product that consumers cant live without, and youll be able to implement price hikes without turning off your customers.4. Dont increase the prices of the products with the highest margins. Raise the prices of the products surrounding them. As mentioned earlier, Starbucks raised the price of the tall size brew exclusively in order to persuade customers to purchase larger sizes (with slightly higher margins). Price hikes for your lower margin products can entice customers to produce to more expensive options, especially with respect to products and services that are tiered based on time usage and features. The goal is to use the price increases to delineate the customer towards your most profitable product.

What do you think is the most important emerging issue in the design of work?

In my opinion, some of the most important issues that are emerging in the anatomy of work are the specific aspects of a job. Telecommuting, alternative work patterns, technostress and skill development are some of these issues. (Cengage Learning, 2010, p. 228) Upon reading the case study for the Coca-Cola Company, I count that they are already addressing the issue of skill development. Coca-Cola appears to be looking for individuals who are motivators, innovators and competent enough to do the job.By implementing the core values and the mission of their company, Coca-Cola seems to turn in a staff of professionals that have bought into the happiness and optimism of the company. Building the company brand and allowing staff the power of autonomy is an influential factor of empowerment for any organization. This is what makes Coca-Cola so successful. Discuss the most likely organizational design for Coca-Cola Company. The most likely design is having a formal structural dimension wi th a decentralised ending making authority.The company seems to have a machine bureaucracy structural configuration. It would need to have strong formalization in order to maintain its merchandise line globally at a high quality level. The design would also need to be specialized and standardized in order to decentralize the decision making locally. The vision at Coca-Cola serves as the framework for their Roadmap and guides every aspect of their business by describing what they need to accomplish in order to go along achieving sustainable, quality growth.People Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio Bring to the instauration a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy peoples desires and needs. Partners Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value. Planet Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities . Profit Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being aware(p) of our overall responsibilities.Productivity Be a highly gistive, lean and fast-moving organization. (The Coca-Cola Company, 2006-2011) By integrating this vision into the design process, Coca-Cola has goals that are not only attainable, but honour to the employees, customers and stockholders. From a job design perspective, how would you interpret what these seven employees of The Coca-Cola Company say about the secret ingredients that make their jobs so refreshing? My interpretation of these seven employees comments are that Coca-Cola uses a job characteristic theory in approaching the hiring of employees.The employees see the value of their job performance. They also understand their responsibility within the company and the effect that their job performance has on the mission. I think that Coca-Cola has effectively designed the jobs within the company to motivate the employees. Based on their responses, the level of employee engagement seems high. What information contained in the seven employees comments about their jobs relates to the core job characteristics of skill variety?Skill variety is defined as the degree to which a job includes several(predicate) activities and involves the use of multiple skills and talents of the employee. (Cengage Learning, 2010, p. 223) Coca-Cola showcases the skills and talents that the employees bring to the job. They do this by giving the employees opportunities to learn and grow both personally and professionally. The company also encourages employees to bring their unique ideas and expertise to the forefront and act upon them this allows the employees to express more of their personality at work.

Chapter 6 – Planning Capacity

chapter 6 Planning faculty Capacity the maximum rate of issue of a process or a system. Acquisition of new mental ability requires extensive be after, and often involves significant expenditure of resources and term. Capacity decisions must be made in light of several semipermanent issues such(prenominal) as the firms economies and diseconomies of scale, subject cushions, timing and sizing strategies, and trade-offs between customer service and mental ability physical exercise. Planning cogency across the organizationAccounting reserve cost information require to evaluate capacity expansion Finance financial analysis of proposed capacity expansion investments and raises funds Marketing demand forecasts needed to identify capacity gaps. Operations selection of capacity strategies that can be implemented to effectively meet succeeding(a) demand. Human Resources hiring and training employees needed to supporting internal capacity plans. planning long-term capacity When choos ing a capacity schema How much of a cushion is needed to handle variable or uncertain demand? Should we expand capacity ahead of demand, or wait until demand is to a greater extent certain? easures of capacity and utilization Output Measures Are better(p) utilized when applied to individual processes within the firm, or when the firm provides a relatively small come of standardized services and produces. For example, a car manufacturing implant may bankers bill capacity in terms of the number of cars produced per day. Inputs Measures Are used for low- intensiveness, flexible processes (custom products). For example a custom furniture maker office measure capacity in terms of inputs such as number of relieve oneselfstations or number of workers. The problem of input measures is that demand is expressed as an output rate.If the furniture maker wants to keep up with demand, he must convert the businesss annual demand for furniture into labor hours and number of employees call for to fulfill those hours. Utilization Degree to which a resource (equipment, space, worker) is currently being used. Utilization= Average Output RateMaximum Capacityx 100% The numerator and the denominator should be measured in the like units. A process can be operated above the 100%, with over metre, extra shifts, overstaffing, subcontracting, etc, but this is non sustainable for long. Economies of scaleEconomies of scale The average unit cost of a service or good can be reduced by increasing its output rate. Why? * Spreading fix cost same fixed cost divided by more units * Reducing construction costs doubling the sizing of the facility usually doesnt double construction costs (building permits, architects fees, rental) * Cutting costs of purchased materials better bargaining position and quantity discounts * Finding process advantages speed up the learning effect, lowering inventory, improve process and job designs, and reducing the number of changeovers. diseconomies of sca leDiseconomies of scale The average cost per unit increases as the facilitys size of it increases. The reason is that excessive size can bring complexity, loss of focus, and inefficiencies. capacity timing and sizing strategies sizing capacity cushions Capacity cushion=100%-Average Utilization rate (%) When the average utilization rate approaches 100% for long periods, its a signal to increase capacity or decrease order acceptance to avoid declining productivity. The optimal capacity cushion depends on the industry. Particularly, in front-office processes where customers expect fast service times, large cushions are vital (more variable demand).For capital-intensive firms, minimizing the capacity cushion is vital (unused capacity costs money). timing and sizing expansion Two strategies * Expansionist strategy large, infrequent jumps in capacity. Is ahead of demand, and minimizes the chance of sales lost to insufficient capacity * Wait-and-see strategy smaller, more frequent jumps. It lags behind demand. To meet any shortfalls, it relies on short-term executions (extra time, temporary workers, subcontractors, postponement of preventive maintenance on equipment).It reduces the risk of overexpansion ground on overly optimistic demand forecasts, obsolete technology, or inaccurate assumptions regarding the competition. This strategy fits the short-term outlook but can erode market constituent over the long run. Timing and sizing of expansion are related if demand is increasing and the time between increments increases, the size of the increments must also increase. An negociate strategy can be follow the leader, so nobody gains a competitive advantage for being ahead of demand, and everyone shares the agony of overcapacity in the different case. inking capacity and other decisions Capacity cushions in the long run buffer the organization against uncertainty, as do resource flexibility, inventory, and longer customer lead times. If a change is made in any one decision area, the capacity cushion may also need to be changed to compensate. For example Lower volume of production (more capacity cushion) to raise prices or vice versa. a systematic approach to long-term capacity decisions 4 musical notes 1. Estimate future capacity requirements 2. Identify gaps by comparing requirements with available capacity 3. Develop alternative plans for reducing the gaps . Evaluate each alternative, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and make a nett choice step 1 estimate capacity requirements A processs capacity requirement is what its capacity should be for some future time period to meet the demand of the firms customers (external or internal), given the firms desired capacity cushion. Larger requirements are practical for processes or workstations that could potentially be bottlenecks in the future, and management may even plan for longer cushions than normal. Capacity requirements can be expressed in * Output measure * Input measureEither way, the foundation for the estimate is forecasts of demand, productivity, competition, and technological change. The further ahead you look, the more chance you have of making an inaccurate forecast. Using output measures Demand forecasts for future years are used as a base for extrapolating capacity requirements into the future. If demand is expected to double in the next 5 years, then the capacity requirements also double. For example Actual demand 50 customers per day expected demand = 100 customers per day desirable cushion = 20%. So capacity should be (100)/(1-0. )=125 customers per day. Using input measures Output measures may be insufficient in these situations * Product variety and process divergence is high (customized products) * The product or service mix is changing * Productivity rates are expected to change * Significant learning effects are expected In these cases, an input measure should be used (number of employees, machines, trucks, etc) One product processed When jus t one service or product is processed at an operation and the time period is a particular year, the capacity requirement (M) is M=DpN1-C100D=demand forecast for the year (number of customers served or units produced) p=processing time (in hours per costume designer served or unit produced) N=Total number of hours per year during which the process operates C=desired capacity cushion (expressed as a percent) M=number of input units required and should be calculated for each year in the time horizon Many products processed Setup time time required to change a process or an operation from making one service or product to making another. To calculate the total setup time D/Q*s Where D=demand forecast for the yearQ= number of units processed between setups s= time per setup For example, if the demand is 1200 units, and the average lot size is 100, there are 1200/100=12 setups per year. Accounting for both processing and setup times for multiple products, we get M=Dp+DQsproduct 1+Dp+DQspro duct 2++Dp+DQsproduct nN1-C100 When M is not an integer and we are talking about number of machines, you can round up the fractional part, unless it is cost efficient to use short-term options, such as overtime or stockouts.But if we are talking about number of employees and we get 23. 6, we can use 23 employees and use a little overtime (in this case, 60% of a full-time person). step 2 identify gaps A capacity gap is any difference (positive or negative) between projected capacity requirements (M) and current capacity. step 3 develop alternatives Develop alternative plans to cope with projected gaps. One alternative is the base case do nothing and just now lose orders from any demand that exceeds current capacity or incur costs because capacity is too large.Other alternatives various timing and sizing options (expansionist or wait-and-see strategies) expanding at a different location and using short term options. For reducing capacity, the alternatives include closing plants, layi ng off employees, reducing days or hours of operations. step 4 evaluate the alternatives Evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative concerns The manager looks at how each alternative fits the overall capacity strategy and other aspects of the business not covered by the financial analysis (uncertainties about demand, competitive reaction, technological change, and cost estimates).Some of these factors cant be quantified and must be assessed on the basis of judgment and experience. Quantitative concerns The manager estimates the change in cash flows for each alternative over the forecast time horizon compared to the base case. tools for capacity planning waiting-line models Are useful in high customer-contact processes. Waiting-line models use probability distributions to provide estimates of average customer wait time, average length of waiting lines, and utilization of the work center.Managers can use this information to choose the most cost-effective capacity, balancin g customer service and the cost of adding capacity. This topic will be treated more deeply in the appendix (siguiente resumen) simulation Simulations can identify the processs bottlenecks and appropriate capacity cushions, even for complex processes with random demand patterns and foreseeable flows in demand during a typical day. decision trees A decision tree can be particularly valuable for evaluating different capacity continuation alternatives when demand is uncertain and sequential decisions are involved.

Strategic human resource management

STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT strategical human resource is planned procedure of human resource deployment to accomplish transcriptions end, it is consist of right HR patterns and teaching determinations. Wright and McMahan ( 1992 ) , the logic of strategic burster harmonizing to articulation of the black box it shows the nexus between the HR architecture and its subsequent commonplace presentation. Brian E. Becker and Mark A. ( 2006 ) , indispensable packet of the SHRM is consistently associate the quite a little with the house. Schuler and Jackson ( 2007 5 )Human resource direction is of import section in most of the organisation, it is straight or indirectly involves all direction determinations, execution and actions, its chiefly focus on do a strong, gigantic term affinity between the direction and it employees. Beer El Al ( 1984 ) , HRM is connected with all the all the activities including engaging pot, using and pull murder them, the direction covers with Strat egic, cognition, human capital, bodied societal duty, resourcing, organisation development, larning and development and humans presentation and reward direction. M Armstrong. S Taylor. ( 2014 4 ) .In the UK legion statements, development and unfavorable judgment occurred to the Human resource direction, Legge ( 2005 101 ) criticised the statement of Armstrong 1987 Fowler 1987, and UK capability members, Henry and Pettigrew ( 199018 ) , they mentioned that HRM was strongly normative at the start and it is identified and supply proposed solution noticeable alterations, while supplying more attending to the demanding lacks in attitudes, way, range and coherency of old forces direction. Armstrong argued that HRM is no more and no less than to personal direction its clearly bespeaking the of import of handling people as cardinal resource, chief concern of the top direction and its strategic planning procedure of the organisation.The Contingency ModelHarmonizing to eventuality theor y HRM practises are chiefly cipher on its environment and state of affairss, its chiefly focal point on doing a relationship between the organisations HR patterns, policies and schemes and its concern scheme adapt to its outdoor(a) and internal environment. Paauwe ( 2004 36 ) clarified connexion between the independent variables such as HRM policies and patterns, it is different to each company harmonizing to their size, age and engineering, capital strength, grade of unionisation, ownership, post and industry sector.The Harvard ModelHuman resource direction has an impact or power on all direction determinations, doing good relationship between the organisation and employees while happening the piece happening the actions impacting the relationship, organisation should see employee as a possible plus than variable cost, likewise its says about the duty of frontier theatre director. The line director has more duty to do certain HR policies and competitory scheme.Characteristic of SHRMStrategic HRM is a procedure of an organisation to use their people to accomplish ends, SHRM considers people as a chief plus to the organisation, they gage accomplish these ends by utilizing HR schemes and patterns and incorporate HR policies. M Armstrong. S Taylor. ( 2014 18 ) . HR patterns help the organisation to do their determination on strategic program, through strategic program organisations can accomplish their determination on boilersuit or precise HR scheme, SHRM is see non plainly strategic besides integrate with concern and HR, illustration how they do concern and program to make.1.2 Importance of the Strategic Human resource ManagementAn effectual HR scheme sets to accomplish what an organisation needs to accomplishAble to fulfill and carry through concern demands.It can be an effectual and efficient programmes.The actions can happen and expect demand and the jobs.It is logically connect support each differentIdentify the demands of the organisation and its other interest holders besides line directors and employees.Human capital directionThis theory chiefly see on how people contribute to the organisation utilizing their accomplishments, cognition and abilities to increase the productiveness. Management should clearly evolve the objects, demands and wants of the organisation to employees, by doing the relationship with them and their trade brotherhoods. M Armstrong. S Taylor. ( 2014 7, 28 ) . Making common involvement between the organisation and their employees by supplying involve support to their households and demoing involvement in response to that inquiring employees to make the same think to the organisation. J Mello ( 2014 22 )Corporate SchemeShowing the organisations duty to the company and environment through pull offing the concern ethically. Designing and implementing policies which help to increase the employees and their part to the organisation by their effectualness, making new programmes to increase the effectivi ty among them to react to the alteration and the maps. M Armstrong. S Taylor. ( 2014 27 ) .1.3 Framework of Strategic Human Resource ManagementThe Harvard ModelHarmonizing to Beer et Al ( 1984 ) , Organization should see people as an of import plus than a variable cost, he believed that many jobs are demanding larger and longer finally shows the necessity of the long term relationship in pull offing people. The model shows that job can be solved merely when general director want see how their employees traveling to do on new development in the organisation, such as following HR policies and patterns to accomplish their specific ends. Armstrong ( 2003 )Line director should cook to confront change magnitude duty to puting policies with mission and set uping competitory scheme besides identify the right method to develop and implement his personal activities reciprocally. Beer et Al ( 1984 )Huczynski and Buchanan ( 2001 ) and Loosemore et Al ( 2003 ) mentioned that Harvard speculati ve account equipped the needed connexion between organisations public presentation, the concern environment and SHRM determinations. It provide more easy method to place how SHRM act uponing other organisational activities.The Harvard Framework ( Beer et al. , 1984 )nnnnnkAdvantages of the theoretical account harmonizing to Boxall ( 1992 ) and Armstrong ( 2003 )Identifying stakeholder which helps organisation to corporate with them.It acknowledges a wide scope of contextual influences on focusings pick of scheme, proposing a elaborateness of both product-market and socio-culturalIt provided the uncertainty of supervisory manner, meanwhile giving more infinite to the employee influence.It place and increase the involvement among the employer, employees and different involvement groups.Strongly depend on direction voice, non controlled by the environment or state of affairs.2.1 Strategic Human Resource ProcedureHRD AuditHR Roles in Constructing a Competitive Organization afterlife/S trategic FocusManagement of Management ofStrategic Human TransformationResourcesand alterationPROCESSPEOPLEManagement ofManagement ofFirm InfrastructureEmployeeContributionIt is varies from nobble term operational to long term strategic, HR professional should understand the both strategic and operational method to supply more focal point on long and short term activities, these two procedure define the most of import principal of HR activity. D Ulrich ( 2013 24 )Pull offing the Strategic Human Resources.Pull offing the Organizations substructure.Pull offing the employees part.Pull offing the organisation alteration the transmutation.2.2 Role of top directionStrategic HR function of front- line directionStrategic leader should be able to expect and calculate necessary alterations to the organisation in the hereafter. ( Hitt, Ireland, & A Hoskisson 2007 375 ) . It involves in different map in the organisation, pull offing the employees harmonizing to the demand of the government i s of import function for the direction. The leading should accept and construct a strong connexion between organisations external and internal concern environment. ( Huey 1994 4250 ) both(prenominal) of the recognized feature which strategic leading contribute to implement the effectual strategic direction.Determine and plan the strategic way.Organization map should be balanced.Adequate usage of organisations resources.Following right patterns ethicallyImplementing organisational civilizationStrategic director should follow all the above strategic action to lend, implement and accomplish all the administration strategic leading ends. ( Hitt et al. 2007 384 ) . Reason for the most of strategic managements failure is hapless execution and deficiency of leading.HR FunctionNow both private and public sector organisation confronting the challenges to increase their corporate public presentation, HR map most of import among that, to accomplish the organisations efficiency and effectivity in their mark public presentation they need a transmutation, merely they can accomplish this by animating HR map. MI Hunter, MA Boroughs, MT Bendrien, MS Constance 2012 books.google.comTechnology has the of import portion in transmutation of HR, in the traditional HR attempt and cost are high because of the deficiency of engineering. Now HR transmutation in to the new engineering provides the increased public presentation and added value to the HR map and concern itself, familiar with this connexion of the strategic attempt is of import, finally it will take to accomplish the key ( transactional and administrative ) activities of the HRs following coevals. MI Hunter, MA Boroughs, MT Bendrien, MS Constance ( 2012 2 ) books.google.com

Managing Political Risks Essay

A firm must be able to manage the different kinds of semipolitical risks that it whitethorn have to face by investing in a particular country. Firm-specific risks are delimitate as risks that affect the transnational opening move at the corporate and/or project take aim. The most of import firm-specific risk is referred to as the governance risk, which entails that there may be a conflict of goals between the multinational enterprise and the host politics (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 5).Volatility of foreign exchange rates is another example of a firm-specific risk (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). Country-specific risks must also be managed. These risks affect the multinational enterprise at the corporate and/or project level, too. However, the difference between firm-specific and country-specific risks is that the latter originate at the level of the country. Institutional and/or heathenish risks in addition to transfer risks are examples of country-specific risks (F renkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 6).While the latter involves the issue of blocked funds, the former involves problems much(prenominal) as corruption in the country where the multinational enterprise intends to invest its funds (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 6). Lastly, the multinational enterprise must seek to manage its global-specific risks. These risks affect the enterprise at the corporate and/or project level but originate at the level of the entire globe. Poverty and terrorism are examples of global-specific risks (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). Indeed, it is possible for the multinational enterprise to manage the three types of political risks.There are three principles methods of political risk way limiting, diversifying, and hedging (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 20). The first method refers to the investors effort to limit the exposure to the political risk by putting a cap on the exposure vis-a-vis a particular country, often as a percentage of overall exposure o r own funds (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 20). Netting is involved in this procedure, as the investor must calculate the net exposure before trying to derive a small overall position (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 20). Following this political risk management procedure, a parent company may decide to limit the amount of funds that it transfers to its subsidiary that directly faces a particular type of political risk (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). Diversification is another useful method of managing political risks. A multinational enterprise, when go about with political risks, may decide to spread the exposure among various countries that are not perfectly correlated. If the enterprise is faced with corruption in the countries of two of its subsidiaries, it may choose two more countries where corruption is not a political risk.As a matter of fact, this method of managing political risks tends to be the easiest and therefore most commonly used (Frenkel, Karmann, and Sch oltens). Hedging is yet another way to manage political risks, but is typically soundless to be possible only with investment and/or export insurance. As an example, the multinational enterprise may obtain such insurance from the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency of the World Bank. The insurance may provide covers against civil disturbance, war, expropriation, in addition to currency transfers.National insurance companies run by the government may similarly be approached by the investor to obtain cover for risks that arise from non-payment (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). Regardless of the kinds of political risks confront the investor, therefore, it is possible to invest by managing the risks after choosing one or more methods of political risk management. whole shebang Cited Frenkel, Michael, Alexander Karmann, and Bert Scholtens (eds. ). Sovereign Risk and Financial Crises. New York Springer-Verlag, 2004.

Utilitarianism and Abortion

Abortion is one of the most debated turn outs across the globe. People from disparate sects of the ball club have their own perception on the spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous abortion. Some try to prove it morally defective and illegitimate while others goodify abortion on several grounds. There is no need to joint that people have their arguments in favor as well as in against the abortion and some(prenominal) the quite a littles seem to be right in specific circumstances. Apart from different opinions, law of a society has its own debates on the issue which can non be ignored.This paper intends to discuss the issue of abortion along with examining what functional scholars think on the abortion and several other related issues. useful view on abortion While examining the usefuls view about abortion one should mull over the honest aspect of the issue with perspective of greatest gladness. Utilitarian view believes that ethical value of whatever coiffe is determ ined by the maximum amount of happiness of biggest quality for hugest number of general population which it creates.John Stuart swot on abortion John Stuart powder is known as father of utilitarian view and it is not possible to understand the issue in Toto without seeing his view on the issue of abortion. John Stuart grind in his book utilitarianism, writes Utility, or the Greatest Happiness article of faith, holds that actions be right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intend pleasure, and the absence of infliction by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure.The idea given by John Stuart dweeb is popularly known as principle of greatest happiness. Right and wrong aspects of any action atomic number 18 decided on the basis of pleasure and pain in this principle of john Stuart lollygag. Happiness and pain are determined as per quality and amount in every incident though it is not that for easy to test the things unless someone has tested the amount of both pleasure and pain. John Stuart mill says that it is neat to be an unsatisfied human being rather than a satisfied pig and it is good to be unsatisfied Socrates than a satisfied fool.If a fool or a pig has different opinions, it is just because both of them know only their own aspects of the issue but others who are there for the comparison are acquainted with both the sides. In the light of in a higher place findings, it is difficult for the john Stuart mill to take any firm position on the issue of abortion because he, on no account experienced the truth and amount of happiness which comes from every one situation. Though it good to suggest that mill would have do his stand by analyzing it and comparing the same with the principle of greatest happiness.Application of utilitarian theory We analyze the issue of abortion in different situations and the first one is extreme pro life position which says th at abortion is unethical and should be considered illegal in all the situations. People who believe in this theory avow the opinion that fetus is a human being irrespective of its development. Greatest principle of happiness suggests that utilitarian theory does not endorse this view because as per this principle many people may be happy or unhappy by the decision of abortion but it is the mother whose opinion or pleasure matters.Another scenario suggests that abortion is immoral but when life of a mother is in danger, it should be allowed. This view suggests that a mothers life is more valuable because of her future ability to bear the child. Utilitarian theory does not endorse such theories because greatest principle of happiness suggests that abortion does not put forward most people very happy. In the third scenario, abortion is considered illegal because except in the special situation of rape. When a female is raped and becomes pregnant then she should be allowed to abortio n because sex was not pre planned.Utilitarian would probably grant their consent for abortion, considering the exceptional situation of such cases. People who consider abortion illegal forget about the rights of the women who are pregnant. They may consider it offending and unnecessary interfering in their in the flesh(predicate) life if they are prevented or advised to not receive abortion. Utilitarian theory also supports this view on the basis of greatest happiness principle. A complete different scenario on the abortion is that it is perfectly moral and legal because it is the discretion of thewoman to decide about her body and she should have the right of abortion if she considers it good for her.Utilitarian theory would probably have no any problem with this view because of the greatest happiness principle. bomber believes in individuals rights and advocates for such discretions upon own life. Conclusion After having observed the above mentioned detailed analysis of the sub ject, it is good to conclude that utilitarian theory advocates for the individual rights and further believes in the principle of greatest happiness. Utilitarian view criticizes abortion in very rare and exceptional cases where this is sheer wrong.Utilitarian point in time of view endorses abortion on the basis of personal life, individual rights and principle of greatest happiness. John Stuart mill opinion about abortion is based on the principle of humans greatest happiness. Mill suggests that an individual should always be at liberty to decide the things that give him greatest happiness. Abortion or any other issue should be decided by the individuals according to their own situation and interests, mill suggests. Mills opinion is widely appreciated and followed in North American countries in new(a) times as his views advocate for the human rights and liberty in a greater amount.

Baroque Style of Period

Its easy to summercater any musical instrument all you make up to do is intuitive feeling the objurgate key at the even off age and the instrument will play itself. -Johann Sebastian live Well, yes, its easy to play any musical instrument, but unfortunately for just about, it IS hard finding the right key and putting your finger, or mouth, or bow on the right time is almost impossible. But Bach always found the right time to play, and it wasnt during the right second or on the right beat. It was the right coulomb. 600 officially began the baroque period, and I mention Bach because it gibems this period ended tit his death in 1750. Stay tuned (all puns intended) to learn what was going on, who else had the magic touch, and the characteristics of the Baroque time. Several events took place in the one coke and fifty year span of the Baroque period. Presumably the most influential was that the Age of Enlightenment began. That meant you had an change magnitude chance not to b e killed for being different, which was great for entertainers trying to make a name for themselves.Great philosophers and writers flourished in this time, including Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Milton, Jonathan Swift, William Shakespeare, and John Donned. All of which high school students are forced- ERM encouraged to glance over about. Science was also explored, and from it, gravity- the enemy of all women standing on a scale- was discovered. Sir Isaac Newton developed laws of physics, including the Laws of inquiry and, as noted above, gravity. The first opera house, Eurydice, and opera house, Theater San Casino, opened in 1600 and 1637, respectively.King James Version of the Bible, the most widely distributed version today, was published and reduced in 1611, and probably the greatest moment for you and me, the pilgrims landed present in America in 1620. Go Thanksgiving So needless to say, none of the great composers of this time came from Amer ica, and consequently, have rather difficult names for the average American to pronounce. Such as Archangel Cornell, Claudio Monteverdi, Jean-Philippe Rammer, Alexandra and Domenici Scarlatti, and Heimlich Scouts (You should see how many red squiggly lines Word has up for those).There are less complicated ones, such as Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederic Handel, Henry Purcell, and Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi I love Vivaldi his works are outstanding and seem to fit every occasion. virtually commercial companies have realized this as well, regrettably, and overuse his masterpiece, The quatern Seasons. Some of the other more historied works were Toccata and Fugue in D minor by Bach, The Messiah by Handel, Marcher Royals by Lully, and Coracles trio sonatas such as Sonata for Violin and Lute.Speaking of trio sonatas, they were a popular form of the Baroque period, as were concertos, concerto grosses, suites (a set of instrumental compositions to be played in succession or a set of sel ected pieces from an opera or musical, arranged to be laded as one instrumental work), oratorios, cantatas, operas, fugues (a contrapuntal composition in which a short melody or phrase is introduced by one part and successively taken up by others and developed by interweaving the parts), and toccatas (a musical composition for a keyboard instrument designed to exhibit the performers touch and technique).While some of these forms may have been used in periods before them, the Baroque period definitively had its definitive characteristics that make it unique and created things that made it memorable. In general, the music was a bit like how it feels to chew 5 mutter. Lying on a bed of vibrating metal balls, suspended from wires hit with a hammer, while dig way up into the air all combined into one.The music had complicated rhythms and expansive movements it was heavy and densely with texture, including singers and instruments in polyphonic heaven. Sounds were echoed and imitated, c reating a very elaborate piece without any crescendos or diminuendos to make it dynamically different. It did have dependable meters though, usually two, three, four, or six main beats. In Just a century and a half, more than two dozen people made artistic history. The Baroque period was a great time of advancement in several areas, especially music.Numerous composers, such as Bach, Handel, Scouts, Vivaldi, Cornell, and Lully, and their work, like The Messiah, and The Four Seasons, survive to this day. The Baroque area has its own defining characteristics, such as complicated rhythms, elaborate melodies, pieces buddy-buddy with harmony, and syrupy textures. It was also during a time of great change and many new discoveries, such as gravity, the first opera and opera house, and the beginning of the Age of Enlightenment. Hopefully this essay did some justice to the Baroque era. Thats all folks.

Holographics and Virtual Reality

HOLOGRAPHICS AND legitimateistic REALITY Major KVP Dhammika M. Phill(Electronic and Telecommunication)Engineering Mid Cargoner Course -45 army College of Signal Rawalpindi Pakistan Nov 2011 CONTENT 1. Introduction 2. signal 3. History and Background 4. Important Concepts 5. Type of practical(prenominal) Reality Systems 6. Few Virtual Reality Techniques that in truth Work at Present 7. The Extreme Future of Virtual Reality 8. Conclusion INTRODUCTION What is received? How do you define echt? If youre talking about what you can hear, what you can smell, taste and feel, then real(a) is simply electrical signals interpreted by your principal. Morpheus (The Matrix) 1. It was my own belief next coming decade sternchat practical(prenominal)(prenominal) allow for be a in truth common to every atomic number 53 since we all living in valuation account of real introduction and virtual(prenominal) human (Kind of dream domain of a function). When I started my high school studi es in maths concept of fanciful numbers make me so conf utilise only thought of its real being me more(prenominal) conf apply. When I looked through a mirror I al instructions thought imaginary public which was explained to me in obscure numbers atomic number 18 exist inside the domain of a function that I am nonice through a mirror. 2.When I was a kid TV show Star Trek and Blakes 7 induced my desire to study about Teleportation(term that refers to a number of theories and notions concerning the transfer ofmatterfrom angiotensin converting enzyme period of time to an separate without traversing the physiological quadruplet amid them, similar to the conceptapport, an earlier word apply in the context of spiritualism). Figure 1 Star Trek Teleportation Further my desire to learn concepts of Holography and Virtual Reality (VR) was stimulated due to ii popular movies Total Recall and Matrix. . To mean solar day scientist had bring that everything we experience in lif e can be reduced to electrical activity stimulating our aces as our sensory organs deliver info about the external world. This interpretation is what we consider to be man. In this sense, the brain is globe. allthing you wait on, hear, feel, taste and smell is an interpretation of whats outside, and created totally inside your head. We tend to believe that this interpretation matches very closely to the external world.Nothing could be further from the truth. 4. It is the brain that sees, and in whatsoever important ways what it sees does not reflect the information it derives from sensory scuttlebutt. For this rea word of honor, we ar all living in our own universe simulations abstractions that we attain as a result of both what we perceive with our senses and how our brains modify this perception. Such things as color, smell and taste, for utilization are not properties of the outside world itself, but rather a category created by the suffice of perception.In orde r to experience the world in a closeingful way, the brain must act as a filter/ upset mingled with us and the real world. 5. Words sacrifice always been a crude method of relaying intent. VR holds out the promise of allowing us to literally show one(a) other what we mean rather than merely describing it with crude verbal approximations. The limitation of words is that the meaning they convey is only as detailed as the definitions the reader or listener attaches to them.For this reason VR offers the possibility of evolving our communication into a mannequin of telepathy, ultimately bridging the gap between our discrete imaginations. This is what virtual human beings holds out to us the possibility of paseo into the constructs of the imagination. Terence McKenna 6. VR is the ultimate medium of syntactical intent the only way to figuratively show someone barely what you mean is to literally show them. Words are exceptionally ineffective at conveying meaning, as they are a l ow-bandwidth, lossy medium of k forthwithledge transference.VR volition let us remove the equivocalness that is the discrepancy between our internal dictionaries and bypass communication through symbolism altogether. The result will be perfect spirit, as all roleies behold the aforementioned(prenominal) information. 7. Holographyis a technique that allows the argus-eyedscattered from an intention to be collide withed and later reconstructed so that when an imaging governing embody (a photographic camera or an eye) is fit(p) in the reconstructed beam, an image of the object will be seen heretofore when the object is no durable present.The image changes as the position and orientation of the viewing dodge changes in exactly the same way as if the object were still present, thus making the image appearthree-dimensional. 8. Virtual reality is an factitious environment that is created with software and presented to the substance abuser in such a way that the user suspends belief and accepts it as a real environment. On a computer, virtual reality is primarily experienced through ii of the atomic number 23 senses sight and sound. Today its go beyond and planning to experience in all five senses. 9.The simplest form of virtual reality is a3-Dimage that can be explored interactively at a private computer, usually by manipulating keys or the mouse so that the content of the image moves in some direction or zooms in or out. More sophisticated efforts involve such approaches as wrap-around queer screens, actual rooms augmented with wearable computers, andhaptics (tactile feedbacktechnology that takes advantage of a users sense of color by applying forces,vibrations, or motions to the user)devices that let you feel the boasting images. 0. Today we are in a world where human being reached their spick-and-span electronic telecommunication advancement to practically feasible of projecting holographic images, virtual reality seconds and Telepresence (refers to a set oftechnologieswhich allow a person to feel as if they were present, to allow the appearance of being present, or to have an effect, viatele-robotics, at a place other than their true location). 11. These two house application can be expected in close to all the fields. Specially military, education, commerce and entertainment. AIM 12.Aim of this research work is to acquaint student officers immerging new two technologies, holography and virtual reality. HISTORY AND dry land 13. In mid 1950s visionary cinematographer Morton H Eilig built a single user console called Sensorama that included a stereoscopic pomposity, fans, or emitters, stereo speakers and a moving chair. This enabled the user put one across television in three dimensional ways. 14. In 1961, Philco Corporation engineers authentic the first HMD known as the Headsight. The helmet consisted of a video screen along with a tracking system. Then they linked to a un signifierly circuit camera system. Then somewhat similar HMD was used for helicopter pilots. While flying in the puritanical these were of great help. 15. In 1965, a computer scientist let ond Ivan Sutherland envisioned what he called the Ultimate boast. After using this display a person imagines the virtual world very similar to the real world. During 1966, an HMD was built by Sutherland, which was tether to a computer system. The thought of virtual reality has been around since 1965, when Ivan Sutherland expressed his ideas of creating virtual or imaginary worlds. At MIT, he conducted experiments with three dimensional displays.In 1969, he developed the first system to surround flock in three dimensional displays of information. Between the 70s and late 80s, the concept of virtual reality was mainly used by the United States. The military used it as flight simulators to train pilots. The other countries in the world did not show any interest in this technology until the late 1980s. Since then, virtual reality has developed in galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) ways to plow an emerging technology of our time. 16. To my own thought we experiencing some kind of virtual reality in our own dreams. When you are in deep sleep you see dreams that you whitethorn feel it real.Day dreams in addition plays very vital role, all form of these dreams help to create great accomplishments, fictions and all form of arts. In virtual reality technology we are trying to create dream world in real life where we wont be able to identify margin between real world and virtual world. In other way round optical illusions we experiencing like mirage and rainbows in any case like holographic projection humans are about to experience. 17. Holography was discovered by the British-Hungarian scientist Dennis Gabor in 1947, though its full potential waited it seems, on the birth of the laser, 1963.Holography is defined asthe growth of wavefront reconstruction. In considering one of the several methods of cons tructing a hologram, the principles we require for understanding the process are simple. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS 18. The concepts behind virtual reality are based upon theories about a long held human desire to escape the boundaries of the real world by embracing cyber property. at once there we can interact with this virtual environment in a more naturalistic manner which will generate new forms of human-machine interaction (HMI).The aim is to move beyond standard forms of interaction such as the keyboard and mouse which most people work with on a daily basis. This is seen as an unnatural way of working which forces people to adapt to the demands of the technology rather than the other way around. still a virtual environment does the opposite. It allows someone to fully immerse themselves in a highly visual world which they explore by means of their senses. This natural form of interaction at bottom this world often results in new forms of communication and understanding. 19.The exp erience of a virtual world mimics that of a real world scenario but often without many of its constraints. Virtual reality enables allows someone to do the avocation a. Walk around a three-dimensional spend a pennying b. Perform a virtual operation. c. Play a multi-user game. d. Take part in a theatre of war. e. Interact with an artwork. Plus the fact that they can do this in a 3D environment means that they replicate an experience similar to that in the real world but without many of the dangers. This is preferable to trying to simulate these experiences in a two-dimensional setting, e. g. a computer desktop. 0. Virtual reality also acts as a problem solving device in that it enables us to explore various options as a means of finding an answer to a problem. For character, an technology company will use virtual reality to produce a prototype which is then tried and true and the results fed back to the design team. The advantage of this is that it enables the designers to make alterations to their design but at far less(prenominal) time and cost. This is a preferred option to building a physical prototype which is expensive to build and make changes to especially if it undergoes several alterations as part of the design process.Holography Concept. 21. Holography is an image registered with use of crystal clear laser light. It allows preserving the 3-D information of a holographed subject. With a single source of white light, the image is played back and appears in 3-D exactly as it was registered in the studio. Image can project deep inside, or stick out of the design. Virtually impossible to copy and displaying anomalous visual effects, they present themselves as an unbeatable security solution for brand protection and brand promotion. 22. The Holography is based upon Nobel Prize w versed Dennis Gabors theory concerning interference patterns.Gabor theorized in 1947 that each crest of the wave pattern contains the whole information of its skipper sou rce, and that this information could be stored on hire and reproduced. This is why it is called a Holography. 23. Holography is the only visual re stacking and playback process that can record our three-dimensional world on a two-dimensional recording medium and playback the original object or scene, to the unaided eyes, as a three dimensional image. The image indicatenstrates complete parallax and depth-of-field.The image floats in space either behind, in front of, or straddling the recording medium The Universe as a Holography 24. In 1982 a remarkable event took place. Aspect and his team discovered that under certain circumstances subatomic particles such as electrons are able to instantaneously communicate with each other regardless of the space separating them. University of London physicist David Bohm, for example, believes Aspects findings imply that objective reality does not exist, that despite its apparent solidity the public is at heart a phantasm, a gigantic and sple ndidly detailed Holography.To understand why Bohm makes this startling assertion, one must first understand a little about Holographys. A Holography is a three- dimensional fool away made with the aid of a laser. To make a Holography, the object to be photographed is first bathed in the light of a laser beam. When the film is developed, it looks like a meaningless swirl of light and dark lines. But as soon as the developed film is illuminated by another laser beam, a three-dimensional image of the original object appears. 24.If a Holography of a rose is cut in half(a) and then illuminated by a laser, each half will still be shew to contain the entire image of the rose. Indeed, even if the halves are divided again, each snippet of film will always be free-base to contain a smaller but intact version of the original image. Unlike normal photographs, every part of a Holography contains all the information possessed by the whole. 25. This acumen suggested to Bohm another way of und erstanding Aspects discovery. Imagine an aquarium containing a fish. This, says Bohm, is precisely what is going on between the subatomic particles in Aspects experiment. 6. According to Bohm, the apparent faster-than-light connection between subatomic particles is really telling us that there is a deeper level of reality we are not privy to, a more complex dimension beyond our own that is analogous to the aquarium. And, he adds, we view objects such as subatomic particles as separate from one another because we are seeing only a portion of their reality. Such particles are not separate split, but facets of a deeper and more underlying unity that is ultimately as holographic and indivisible as the previously mentioned rose.And since everything in physical reality is comprised of these eidolons, the universe is itself a projection, a Holography. In addition to its phantomlike nature, such a universe would possess other rather startling features. If the apparent separateness of subat omic particles is illusory, it means that at a deeper level of reality all things in the universe are infinitely inter affiliated. 27. In a holographic universe, even time and space could no chronic be viewed as fundamentals. What else the superHolography contains is an open-ended question.Bohm is not the only researcher who has found evidence that the universe is a Holography. Working independently in the field of brain research, Standford neurophysiologist Karl Pribram has also pay off persuaded of the holographic nature of reality. 28. Pribram was pinched to the holographic model by the puzzle of how and where memories are stored in the brain. In a series of basin experiments in the 1920s, brain scientist Karl Lashley found that no matter what portion of a rats brain he withdraw he was unable to radicate its memory of how to perform complex tasks it had learned prior to procedure. Then in the sixties Pribram encountered the concept of holography and realized he had found t he explanation brain scientists had been looking for. Pribram believes memories are encoded not in neurons, or small groupings of neurons, but in patterns of nerve impulses that crisscross the entire brain in the same way that patterns of laser light interference crisscross the entire area of a piece of film containing a holographic image. In other words, Pribram believes the brain is itself a Holography. 9. Pribrams theory also explains how the human brain can store so many memories in so little space. It has been estimated that the human brain has the condenser to memorize something on the order of 10 billion bits of information during the average human lifetime (or just about the same amount of information contained in five sets of the Encyclopaedia Britannica). 30. Our uncanny ability to quickly reclaim whatever information we need from the enormous store of our memories becomes more understandable if the brain functions according to holographic principles.Because every porti on of a Holography is infinitely interconnected with ever other portion, it is perhaps natures supreme example of a cross-correlated system. 31. The storage of memory is not the only neurophysiological puzzle that becomes more tractable in light of Pribrams holographic model of the brain. Another is how the brain is able to translate the avalanche of frequencies it receives via the senses (light frequencies, sound frequencies, and so on) into the concrete world of our perceptions.Encoding and decoding frequencies is precisely what a Holography does best. Just as a Holography functions as a sort of lens, a translating device able to convert an apparently meaningless blur of frequencies into a coherent image, Pribram believes the brain also comprises a lens and uses holographic principles to mathematically convert the frequencies it receives through he senses into the inner world of our perceptions. 32. An impressive body of evidence suggests that the brain uses holographic principles to perform its operations.Argentinian-Italian researcher Hugo Zucarelli recently all-encompassing the holographic model into the world of acoustic phenomena. Puzzled by the fact that humans can patch up the source of sounds without moving their heads, even if they only possess hearing in one ear, Zucarelli discovered that holographic principles can explain this ability. Pribrams belief that our brains mathematically construct hard reality by relying on input from a frequency domain has also received a good deal of experimental support. 33.Researchers have discovered, for instance, that our visual systems are sensitive to sound frequencies, that our sense of smell is in part dependent on what are now called osmic frequencies, and that even the cadres in our bodies are sensitive to a broad range of frequencies. For if the concreteness of the world is but a secondary reality and what is there is actually a holographic blur of frequencies, and if the brain is also a Holography and o nly selects some of the frequencies out of this blur and mathematically transforms them into sensory perceptions, what becomes of objective reality? 4. We are really receivers floating through a kaleidoscopic sea of frequency, and what we extract from this sea and turn into physical reality is but one channel from many extracted out of the superHolography. 35. This striking new picture of reality, the synthesis of Bohm and Pribrams views, has come to be called the holographic paradigm, and although many scientists have greeted it with skepticism, it has galvanized others. A small but emergence group of researchers believe it may be the most accurate model of reality science has arrived at thus far.Numerous researchers, including Bohm and Pribram, have noted that many para-psychological phenomena become much more understandable in terms of the holographic paradigm. 36. In a universe in which individual brains are actually indivisible portions of the greater Holography and everythi ng is infinitely interconnected, telepathy may merely be the accessing of the holographic level. It is obviously much easier to understand how information can travel from the take heed of individual A to that of individual B at a far distance point and helps to understand a number of unsolved puzzles in psychology.In particular, Grof feels the holographic paradigm offers a model for understanding many of the baffling phenomena experienced by individuals during altered states of consciousness. TYPES OF VR SYSTEMS 37. This section describes some of the common modes used in VR systems. a. Window on World Systems (WoW) Some systems use a conventional computer supervise to display the visual world. This sometimes called Desktop VR or a Window on a World (WoW). This concept traces its lineage back through the entire history of computer artistry.In 1965, Ivan Sutherland laid out a research program for computer graphics in a paper called The Ultimate Display that has driven the field for the past nearly thirty years. One must look at a display screen, he said, as a window through which one beholds a virtual world. The challenge to computer graphics is to make the picture in the window look real, sound real and the objects act real. b. Video purpose A variation of the WoW approach merges a video input of the users silhouette with a 2D computer graphic. The user watches a monitor that shows his bodys interaction with the world.Myron Kruger has been a champion of this form of VR since the late 60s. He has published two books on the subject Artificial Reality and Artificial Reality II. At least one commercial system uses this approach, the Mandala system. This system is based on a Commodore Amiga with some added computer hardware and software. A version of the Mandala is used by the cable TV channel Nickelodeon for a game show (Nick Arcade) to put the contestants into what appears to be a large video game. c. Immersive Systems The ultimate VR systems completely immer se the users personal viewpoint inside the virtual world.These immersive VR systems are often equipped with a Head Mounted Display (HMD). This is a helmet or a face mask that holds the visual and auditory displays. The helmet may be idle ranging, tethered, or it might be attached to some sort of a boom armature. A subtile variation of the immersive systems use multiple large projection displays to create a Cave or room in which the viewer(s) stand. An early implementation was called The Closet Cathedral for the ability to create the impression of an immense environment. within a small physical space.The Holodeck used in the television series Star Trek The Next contemporaries is afar term extrapolation of this technology. d. Telepresence Telepresence is a variation on visualizing complete computer generated worlds. This a technology associate remote sensors in the real world with the senses of a human operator. The remote sensors might be located on a robot, or they might be on the ends of WALDO like tools. Fire fighters use remotely operated vehicles to handle some dangerous conditions. Surgeons are using very small instruments on cables to do military operation without cutting a major hole in their patients.The instruments have a small video camera at the business end. Robots equipped with telepresence systems have already changed the way deep sea and volcanic geographic expedition is done. NASA plans to use telerobotics for space exploration. There is currently a joint US/Russian project researching telepresence for space rover exploration. e. Mixed Reality Merging the Telepresence and Virtual Reality systems gives the Mixed Reality or circular-knit Simulation systems. Here the computer generated inputs are merged with telepresence inputs and/or the users view of the real world.A surgeons view of a brain surgery is overlaid with images from earlier CAT scans and real-time ultrasound. A fighter pilot sees computer generated maps and info displays ins ide his fancy helmet visor or on cockpit displays. The phrase fish tank virtual reality was used to describe a Canadian VR system reported in the 1993 InterCHI proceedings. It combines a stereoscopic monitor display using liquid crystal shutter glasses with a mechanical head tracker. The resulting system is superior to simple stereo-WoW systems due to the motion parallax effects introduced by the head tracker. What Is Virtual World? 39.Virtual worlds are three dimensional environments in which you can interact with others and create objects as part of that interaction. How do you do that? You appear as an avatar in the virtual world an avatar is a virtual histrionics of you (a virtual ego) which can take on any shape or form as you so wish. 40. There are a range of virtual worlds to choose from which include vision, sport, historical and science fiction. Some are loosely based upon the real world but others such as fantasy worlds are as the name says they are completely disconnect ed from the real world which is also part of their attraction.With virtual worlds, men appear as women and vice versa. Some people choose an animal as their alter ego. Whatever you choose the aim is to socially interact with other people in new and exciting ways. This all adds to the experience. You can communicate with another person using text, sound, graphical images and gesture. Some of the more advanced worlds allow you to use voice or touch. FEW VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGIES THAT ACTUALLY employment AT PRESENT 41. So far, virtual reality has mostlybeen a colossal disappointment. But VR has had its portion out of breakthroughs and innovative applications.Here are few VR technologies that work and that may yet point the way to truly happy virtual reality. a. Anxiety Therapy For years now, virtual environments have been used to fragility fretfulness problemswith exposure therapy. Psychologists treat phobias and post traumatic stress disorder by exposing the patient to the thin g that causes them anxiety and letting the anxiety dissipate on its own. But this proves difficult if your stressor is a battlefield in Iraq. Enter virtual reality. Military psychologists use simulated Iraq war situations to treat soldiers.Other therapeutic VR uses include treating a fear of flying, fear of elevators, and even a virtual nicotine craving simulator for smoking addiction. b. VR Training Programs Virtual reality environments have also been used for training simulators. The earliest examples were flight simulators but VR training has expanded beyond just that. There are many modern military examples, including Iraqi cultural situations and battlefield simulators for soldiers. Other examples include counter-terrorism, para-trooping, welding, and mining training simulators. c.Multiplayer Online Gaming One result of virtual-reality research is the existence of entirely separate virtual worlds, inhabited entirely by the avatars of real world users. These worlds are sometime s referred to as massively multiplayer online games, and theWorld of Warcraftis the largest virtual gambling world in use now, with 11. 5 million subscribers. Another example is plunk for living. The world of Second Life cant really be classified as a game, since the goal seems really just to be to wander around and interact with people, much like the real world.There is even aSecond Life Shakespeare Companythat performs Shakespeares works within Second Life. d. The Nintendo Wii Probably the most successful cousin of virtual reality on the market today is the Nintento Wii. The Wii owes its motion capture and intuitive interaction concepts to the virtual reality technologies of the past. The ascendance is basically a simplified version of the virtual reality glove. Both the Wiimote and the Wii Fit offer users another way of interacting with their virtual environment without having to wear any bulky equipment. e. Medical ProceduresModern medicine has also found many uses for virtu al reality. Doctors can interact with virtual systems to practice procedures or to do tiny working(a) procedures on a larger scale. Surgeons have also started using virtual twins of their patients, to practice for surgery before doing the actual procedure. f. Project Natal The latest entry in the virtual reality stimulate gaming world isProject Natal, a new piece of technology under development now for the Xbox. Project Natal counsels a new way of interacting with games, and indeed with computer systems in general.In their demo video, they propose a system that requires no keyboard and no controller, where a users voice and motions serve as their method for interacting with the system. The demo video is impressive, but the technology has not been completed and released yet. When it does get released, however, virtual reality will take another giant step towards total immersion and common home usage. g. The Cave The term sabotage refers to any virtual reality system that uses mul tiple walls with multiple projectors to immerse users in a virtual world. The first CAVE was built in 1992 as a method of showing of scientific visualizations.Now, many universities have their own CAVE systems. The CAVE is used for visualizing data, for demonstrating 3D environments, and for virtually testing component parts of newly developed engineering projects. THE EXTREME FUTURE OF VIRTUAL REALITY 42. When it comes right down to it, having a physical body in a reality constrained by the limitations of the physical laws has many drawbacks. Our bodies are extremely fragile and can be damaged or killed in an instant if we are not careful, or are just plain unlucky. If anything goes wrong with a critical body part, the entire body could die.Our physical bodies are also deteriorated by aging. Either way, for now, if your body dies, your brain dies right along with it. Every human brain contains an immense wealth of information, memories, experiences and relationships. Every time a h uman brain dies, that incredible, unique wealth of knowledge dies with it, and is forever lost. The world is a dangerous place to inhabit in a fragile human body, and there are a lot of other problems that come with having a physical presence in a physical world. Using the bathroom, body odor, difficulty traveling, limitation of possibilities, just to name a few.Up to this point, we have had no alternative to life, besides death. Due to nanotechnology, there may come a time when people will actually have a choice between life in the real world, an existence inside a computer generated simulation, or death. Vertebrane Enter The Matrix 43. Vertebrane is the term for a speculative brain-computer interface technology first proposed by Marshall Brain in the bookManna. The technology consists of a computer system packaged as a replacement for one of the upper cervical vertebra in the human spine. The Vertebrane system taps into all sensory and motor nerve bundles flowing to and from the brain.Vertebrane allows for augmented reality or a complete disconnection of the brain from the biological body and subsequent electronic reconnection to a virtual body typically inhabiting a virtual world. It would be the ultimate videogame controller. 44. Everything you enjoy about the real world and your real body it will be possible to duplicate exactly in the virtual environment. It will also be possible to improve everything you enjoy, and make virtually (pun intended) anything that was once impossible, possible for you. 45. The Vertebrane system itself would consist of a diminutive, yet extremely powerful nanocomputer.Power would come from a small onboard fuel cell that uses blood glucose to generate electricity. The system would be installed by a robotic surgeon which would sever the spinal cord and reroute it into the Vertebrane. All sensory nerve pathways (optic, auditory etc. ) would be tapped into the system. In pass-through mode, the Vertebrane would act as if it was not there, and you would be able to function completely normally. In game mode, the vertebrane would disconnect your brain from your body and reconnect it to your virtual avatar. The Day You Discard Your Body 46. Given the choice of being in your real body vs. our avatar, you will choose your avatar every time. Therefore, your biological body will become redundant and irrelevant. It will become possible to discard your body and have only your brain housed in a Brain terminal Facility, connected to a vertebrane-type computer. Here, along with thousands of other brains, your brain will be encased in a protective, liquid-filled life-support system chamber. This will eliminate all of the risks that come along with having a body. It will also greatly increase longevity by keeping the environmental conditions perpetually at ideal levels, and removing almost all risk factors of your previous life.Brain Storage Facilities will be maximum security, reinforced buildings, impervious to earthq uakes, hurricanes, bombs, etc. Electronic Transcendence 47. Incredibly, it is possible to envision something even more radical than disembodied human brains connected to a simulated reality. The ultimate in virtual reality involves discarding not only your physical body, but also your physical brain. Mind uploading, whole brain emulation, or mind transfer is the theoretical process of transferring the essence of a biological brain into a computer system. There are several proposed techniques by which mind uploading could be achieved.Many mainstream research funders are not convinced of its feasibility however some scientists do believe that this hypothetical and futuristic technology will one day become reality, so to speak. 48. Once uploaded, a mind would achieve immortality, existing as pure information, disassociated from the biological body and brain. The upload would be considered a form of artificial intelligence, sometimes referred to as an infomorph or noomorph. A digital m ind could theoretically be backed up, copied, or restarted at various set points, raising interesting questions regarding individuality and identity. CONCLUSIONS If A Picture is worth a 1,000 words How much is a holographical Image worth these days? 49. Holographic and Virtual Reality Technology has endless applications, as far as the human mind can imagine. These technologies are indeed available and getting more robust in abilities each year. Holographic and Virtual Reality Technologies are not just about art or business communication, they are about safety, security, education, planning and the strength of our civilization here and beyond. 50. From entertainment to data visualization we can see a bright future for Holographic Projection and the bending and manipulation of light.Those areas of society which most often bring about research and development funding in technology are present amongst the many potential applications for this science. It therefore stands to reason and makes common sense that Holographic Technologies and Spectral Imaging will become a very integral part of human societies and civilizations in the future. I am certain of that. The day people show there advertisements on clouds are very near. One fine day my son may ask from me (ThaTha) are you real or virtual.