Sci228 Ilab

Carmen Coronado iLab SCI 228 June 12, 2011 BMI Part 1 Define BMI-You should characterize BMI and not similarly as a general definition showing its relationship to stature and weight. If you don't mind likewise remember to characterize the real term BMI! The weight file (BMI) is of an estimation that was presented in the mid nineteenth century so as to sort the whole population’s weight issues. The BMI is a measurement that is utilized to group individuals' weight as underweight, ordinary weight, overweight or large. The equation that is utilized to ascertain ones BMI is that the decimal measuring standard will partition ones load in kilograms by ones tallness in squared meters. At that point the units require the doctors to increase ones load in pounds by 703 and will at that point separate the number that was gotten by ones stature in inches squared. The weight file will demonstrate in the event that one is underweight, typical, overweight, and additionally corpulent classifications. Section 2 Calculate BMI-Many understudies utilize a mechanized adding machine to finish this piece of the task. I will deduct focuses on the off chance that I don't see the real math figurings. If you don't mind incorporate all phases of the math figurings related with deciding your BMI. There is an around 1800 calories that ought to be ingested. With regards to my BMR (basal metabolic rate) is around 1300 calories, which I ought to eat around 700 additional calories with the end goal for it to represent the measure of vitality I will exhaust during the day in both my every day exercises. Concerning food, this involves eating sufficient parts of sugars, proteins, and fats. A bowl of steel-cut oats with included entire milk, with a bunch of almonds, bested with a tablespoon of ground flaxseed and blended berries compares to around 600 calories. In the early in the day I would have a nibble of a protein shake and an apple that will work out to be around 100 calories. For lunch a serving of mixed greens containing barbecued chicken pieces, romaine lettuce, corn, shoestring beets, carrots, soybeans that will work out to be around 500 calories. For supper I would have a plate with singed rice, some blended vegetables, pureed potatoes, and a bit of fish prepared with garlic salt and lemon that would come out to be around 500 calories. So I would be left with 100 calories toward the finish of my day. Reference - Janiszewski, Peter. Weight list (BMI) as a proportion of heftiness and wellbeing: a basic examination. June 12, 2011. http://scienceblogs. com/obesitypanacea/2010/03/body_mass_index_bmi_as_a_measu. php

Organic Farming Policy free essay sample

In this entire archive we will attempt to discover how the strategy is tending to the accompanying issues? Is the primary purpose on vocations and improving net returns of ranchers, or is it about fare and specialty markets? Does the approach underscore on disguise of homestead inputs or is it made for giving chances to the natural business, where ranchers will purchase things from different information processing plants/elements/outfits? ? Have ranchers foundations and strengthening been stressed upon, for manageability of the exertion? ? Is there union between different divisions visualized? ? Have forward linkages just as in reverse linkages been thought of, and made arrangements for? ? Is the arrangement aspiring in its methodology or not? How is the usage against the targets? Are the goal lines being moved or being clung to? Does it address value concerns delicate eco-zones, ladies ranchers, smallholders, ancestral and Dalit ranchers, downpour took care of ranchers and so forth any uncommon and suitable accentuation or not? ? Are sponsorships being reworked plainly to advance natural or do primary appropriations proceed in a concoction cultivating worldview, vitiating any designs for natural right toward the start? ? Is a cultivating frameworks approach being taken animals joining, agro-ranger service and so forth. Natural Farming Policy of Madhya Pradesh (M. P) The Organic cultivating approach of M. P government expresses the dedication of the tate for making the current agribusiness into a feasible and productive endeavor for landless works, negligible and little ranchers by offering institutional help just as innovative help to the ranchers. The approach guarantees a significant push on changing over Madhya Pradesh as one of the main states in the precise and logical, yet reasonable natural state, wherein the cultivating networks infer their occupations, produce safe pollution free food, monitor regular assets, oversee soil wellbeing, recover safe ground and surface water and create new work roads inside towns. This is for the most part the ancestral squares and towns who scarcely utilize inorganic data sources and practice natural cultivating as a matter of course. This will help in expanding the arrival to ancestral ranchers. The arrangement additionally expresses the dedication of the legislature for guaranteeing the continuous gracefully of natural contributions to the ranchers following the natural technique for development. The responsibility of the administration to make the express a GM crop free state likewise shows its profound enthusiasm towards the natural cultivating and furthermore the state is framing out lawful approaches to stop the penetration of GM crops in the focused on natural cultivating territories. The institutional game plan for the fruitful accomplishment of the vision crucial natural cultivating in the state has been detailed with government in the middle for planning with every single other division. The Department of Farmers? Government assistance and Agriculture Development, MP State Krishak Aayog, Department of Horticulture and Food Processing, Department of Animal Husbandry, Department of Fisheries and other united divisions distinguished the regions of concern explicit to the their space, which needs mediation of the state government, and arranged a thorough system to satisfy the state responsibility. The state likewise guarantees the advancement of natural cultivating in the state by reinforcing State Organic Certification office and building up Organic Farming Research and Development Institute in the state, National Organic Farming University, Community base Organic Growers, brokers and Processors. The state is additionally keen on guaranteeing standard nature of the natural produce by setting up of Quality Control Laboratories in the state however the administration needs to mediate with the private players so as to channelize the quality confirmation, bundling and estimating conveyance component through some semi lawful and legal arrangements. The Policy supporters of natural cultivating in Public â€Private-Community Partnership to make the approach strategic fruitful one. The Ministry of Agriculture of the state and Rajya Krishak Ayog will facilitate with every single other office like Rural Development, Public Relation, Horticulture, Forestry, Food Processing, Animal Husbandry, Veterinary, Page | 3 ESM TERM PAPER Energy, water assets, urban turn of events and Education and so forth and different partners of the strategy to guide them for effective execution of the venture. Be that as it may, the arrangement neglected to clarify how, when in which way the strategy will be facilitated among different offices. The regressive linkage has been arranged well as in the approach advocates about setting up a â€Å"Primary Organic Producers? Collective† which will do all the essential worth expansion works like confirmation to qualify natural guidelines, assortment of items, total, cleaning, arranging, evaluating and bundling. Be that as it may, this doesn't discuss how the little and minor makers can be spared from the personal stake of the global organizations and corporate. The underlying venture for the natural cultivating has been illuminated by taking the nationalized banks, NABARD, RRBs and MFIs in the worth chain to give credit to introductory speculation to the maker associations. The mechanical help should be furnished by legitimate linkage with RD establishments and Producer Organizations. The forward linkages have been finished by proposing that the PGS, GGC and Primary Organic Producers? Group will sell all the items under one brand name. The M. P state Agriculture Marketing Board and Mandis has been coordinated to give separate sheds to natural creates so as to abstain from blending of non-natural items with the natural items. The arrangement deals with the innate populace and the little ranchers in view of the way that the ancestral populace barely utilizes concoction composts or inorganic compound contributions to the field as a matter of course so those inborn have been focused to accomplish the objective at any rate cost. The explanation behind tending to the little ranchers in light of the fact that a large portion of the ranchers of the state fall under this classification and there is no hope in this field without including this class. The strategy no place examines about the ladies ranchers; neither dalit ranchers nor the arrangement says anything regarding the ladies cooperation in the maker associations. The arrangement has accentuated on the use of Bio/Gobar Gas for providing influence in cool chains and the enhanced compost will be guaranteed as spotless green fertilizer. The strategy gives a great deal of motivating forces and appropriations to the ranchers for receiving natural cultivating or proceeding with natural cultivating all things considered. There is appropriation for ranchers based on supplement vale of the dirt, natural substance base pay and on utilization of natural composts. The proposition of Dry Dairies to keep the bovines in the dry time frame and taking full consideration of those bovines and observing the milk creature about its variety improvement. The creature in the dry dairies will be come back to proprietor in the wake of calving. This is actually an exceptional idea. Sikkim: State Organic Farming Policy Introduction Sikkim is the principal territory of India to get a goals the state get together to change over the state from Inorganic framework to Organic arrangement of cultivating in the year 2003. Different states later followed Sikkim and took comparable choice. Hon’ble Chief Minister Pawan Chamling drifted proclaiming NE states as Organic Zone and to demand Govt. of India to remember for the National arrangement for Agriculture. The deep rooted customary arrangement of cultivating rehearsed by ranchers of Sikkim is not the slightest bit not the same as the advanced natural cultivating framework being prompted. Today Sikkim is going towards a cultivating framework which will prompt a sound and well off living taking due consideration of biology, condition or more all manageability of cultivating process. After revelation to change over the tate into a completely natural state in 2003 certain progressions have been made in arrangements like decrease in appropriations on synthetic manures and pesticides. Expanded endowments on provincial manure pit and Vermi fertilizing the soil programs presented. The outlets for composts and pesticides in the country regions were shut. Natural based plans like bio-manure showing, EM Technology in fert ilizer making, green manuring and so forth started. Accreditation process began in 7000 hectares yet this is just around 12 percent of the all out focused zone. To accomplish immense objective in constrained time there must be a strategic take up the whole undertaking from creation, confirmation to advertise linkage guided by an obvious guide. The four Pillars of Organic Policy of Sikkim can be 1. Improve food and salary security of Sikkim ranchers in economical natural manners soil medicinal services 2. Create natural agribusiness openings monetary human services of ranchers 3. Guarantee safe natural food supplies to customers †human medicinal services 4. Empower Sikkim take a lot of natural market Sikkim Organic Mission: Key goals and capacities ? Sikkim Organic Mission will be the general Nodal organization for advancing natural cultivating in the province of Sikkim and to present, advance and embrace fitting advances for improving the creation, orchestrate , sort out and attempt all exercises related and important for improving all parts of natural creation of different products in the state. ? The crucial undertaking to advance natural cultivating in all fields of land use under agribusiness and unified segments for advancement of natural cultivating in the state, system and contact with different branches of the state. Advance, sort out and support the foundations outside the Government like Cooperatives, NGO, Voluntary association, Processing units, Boards and so on for assistance of every single essential information required for in reverse and forward linkages identified with natural items to offer types of assistance inside simple reach of the ranchers on financially suitable premise. ? Set up the Sikkim Organic brand in the market and secure the premiums

How To Write A Narrative Essay Step by Step Complete Guide

How To Write A Narrative Essay Step by Step Complete Guide Are you assigned to write a narrative essay in your college or high school? Remember, it is a good opportunity to improve your storytelling skills. For most students writing a narrative essay is so much fun. In this blog post, we will be discussing “how to write a narrative essay”. What is a narrative essay? Summary What is a narrative essay?Steps for writing a narrative essayChoose a good topicChoose your storyDo the research if requiredWrite the draftDescribe important charactersFind the antagonist of the storyDescribe the sceneOmit unnecessary detailsWrite events chronologicallyRevise your essayMake the final draftQuick LinksThings to remember while writing a narrative essay A narrative essay is an essay that tells us some story. These are commonly assigned in high schools and colleges. It also contains a plot, characters, conflicts, etc., like stories. Most of the times students are told to write their personal experience in the form of a story. It is done so that class or readers can connect with it. Since everyone like stories, so these essays got so many readers.  Hence it is very important to work on its content and format. Writing a narrative essay can be fun if you do it properly. Movies and some YouTube videos are also narrative essays but they are in the form of video. Steps for writing a narrative essay Choose a good topic It is the first step toward writing a narrative essay. At first, you should have a good topic to write about. Choose your topic in such a way that you can convert it into a story of yours. Choose your story After choosing a topic you need to choose a good story. The story must be related to the topic or theme you choose. It should not hurt anyones sentiments. Do the research if required Writing a narrative essay does not need much research. It is because it is related to your personal experiences. But some topics are there which requires research to add extra information to the content. Write the draft Now outline the plot before you begin. Make a list of all the incidents systematically so that you will not miss any point during writing. This will enable you to know where the story starts, its main incidents and where does it end. Remember you are writing an essay, not a novel. So, your story must be fairly contained and concise. Describe important characters While writing a narrative essay, you must describe all the important characters. Describe them about how they look, what the wear, age, height and also mention some interesting facts about them. For example: “My grandmother was sharpening her pencil with a razor blade and unpacking her watercolor paint and paintbrushes from their special travel box. She was wearing a loose green cardigan with her floral printed skirts. Her white hairs were combed neatly and tied in a bun”. Find the antagonist of the story It is very important to find antagonist of the story and the conflict. Without this, it will be boring. In most of the stories, the protagonist is the writer itself. The antagonist is always the person who stops the protagonist to achieve what he wants. Describe the scene You also need to describe the scene in detail. It is important because by this you can make readers imagine the scene properly. Omit unnecessary details You do not need to provide any unnecessary details. Omit those details or topics that are not relevant to your story. Write events chronologically It is very important to write all the events in a chronological manner. If not done so, your story will not make sense. So what happened first must be written at first. Revise your essay After making the first draft of your narrative essay, revise it. Check whether the theme, title, and story are related. After that proceed for editing and proofreading. Make the final draft Now make the final draft of your narrative essay. Quick Links Tips For Structuring An EssayHow To Write An Essay Things to remember while writing a narrative essay Keep your essay concise. Do not over-explain unnecessary things, people and plots. Always make an outline of events before you start writingDo not describe each and every character in detail. For non-important characters, a brief description is enough.  Add vibrant details. You can add some details just to spice up the story. But try to stay as true as possible.Always stay consistent. Narrative essays are always written in the past tense. Do not mix up tenses.These are generally written in the first person, i.e. making use of “I” statements. Take care of your grammar. Do not make any grammatical mistake.Always highlight the important moments of your story. This enables the readers to remember those points.Get assistance if you are not able to do it well. We have discussed all the important aspects of writing a narrative essay. But still, if you find any difficulty in writing it, feel free to seek our help. Here at CallTutors, we have a team of experts who can help you in completing your assignment before the deadline and that too at very reasonable prices.  We are 24*7 available to help you out. Submit your requirements now. CallTutors Provides you Various Types of Essay Writing Service As Like College Essay Writing ServiceBest MBA Essay HelpCustom Essay HelpLiterature Essay Writing If you are facing any query, do tell us in the comments section below.

The Education Counseling Program At La Verne - 1172 Words

Perry, Attachment, and Brain Development Allison V. Alvizuri University of La Verne Before coming into the Educational Counseling program at La Verne, I had taken a few courses in child development and psychology, but never did I think about the trauma that could affect a child’s early development. I assumed that it was easier for a child at a younger age to forget about what they had experienced because they were too young to form an attachment, especially for infants; how could an infant know about forming emotional bonds and retain information that could impact him or her for the rest of his or her lives. I assumed that the time when children began to have profound experiences would be when they entered grade school and they would not remember any distress or trauma. Taking human development as one of my first courses in the program has really impacted me and how I will mold myself to be the best educational counselor for my students. All the information I receive, I take it like a sponge and apply it to my current job setting. This course has definitely b een an eye-opener and I have started to transition from being sympathetic to having empathy. I can now say that early trauma can happen as early as the child being in the womb. The child takes in everything that is going on around them like a sponge since gestational age. According to Newman Newman (2012), â€Å"strong emotional reactions in mothers— such as prolonged anxiety or depression— may influence theShow MoreRelatedMutual Aid Group : Depression2806 Words   |  12 Pagesindividuals affected by mental illness. There are a total of 73 locations of NAMI in California alone and over 1000 across US. Using this organization to start a new group I will be able to contact leaders of the San Bernardino, Claremont, Pomona, and La Verne Area to invest in my group. I believe that if I use NAMI to start my group I can initiate the group as a psychoeducational group and after the short-term session group ends, the group can continue as a long-term support group. Using NA MI organizationRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesmanagement and strategic marketing. It can also be used as a text in international marketing courses. Retailing, entrepreneurship, and ethics courses could use a number of these cases and their learning insights. It can certainly be used in training programs and even appeal to nonprofessionals who are looking for a good read about well-known firms and personalities. TEACHING AIDS As in previous editions, you will find a plethora of teaching aids and discussion material within and at the end of

Colonialism in an Outpost of Progress Essay - 1867 Words

Dr. Chappell ENG 106W 19 March 2013 Colonialism and Irony in â€Å"An Outpost of Progress† â€Å"An Outpost of Progress† is a story of irony and colonialism in Africa in the nineteenth century, written by Joseph Conrad. In this Story two European men, named Kayerts and Carlier, are deployed to a trading outpost in a remote part of the African jungle. They take part ivory trading in hopes of making themselves and the company they work for wealthier. Trading outposts in the late nineteenth century were a trademark for colonialist efforts in foreign lands. Colonialism is the establishment, exploitation, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory (Wikipedia). During the nineteenth century†¦show more content†¦The river seemed to come from nowhere and flow nowhither. It flowed through a void. (Conrad 3-4) To go along with being unprepared and unskilled for their task, they also lacked good support from the Company that deployed them to this tra ding post. â€Å"The women of Gobilas village walked in single file through the reedy grass, bringing every morning to the station, fowls, and sweet potatoes, and palm wine, and sometimes a goat. The Company never provisions the stations fully, and the agents required those local supplies to live. They had them through the good-will of Gobila, and lived well.† How is someone to complete such a task without the proper assistance from their homeland? Moreover, how do you expect two men who do not remotely know each other and are both completely unfit to even come anywhere near completing the tasks that was set forth for them to do. However, despite these obstacles, Kayerts and Carlier were still drawn together due to their circumstances. Conrad wrote, â€Å"The two men got on well together in the fellowship of their stupidity and laziness. Together they did nothing, absolutely nothing, and enjoyed the sense of the idleness for which they were paid. And in time they came to feel something resembling affection for one another† (Conrad Page 3). Kayerts and Carlier had the help of a man from Sierra Leone by the name of Makola. It was very evident in the story thatShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Conrads An Outpost of Progress636 Words   |  3 PagesAn Analysis of Conrads An Outpost of Progress Joseph Conrads short story An Outpost of Progress was written at the very end of the 19th century, published in a collection of his tales in 1898. Told from the third-person perspective, the story centers on Kayerts (the chief) and Carlier (his assistant) at a trading post on an African river completely removed from Western civilization. In fact, the only reminders of Western civilization (other than themselves) are the cross much out of the perpendicularRead MoreAn Outpost of Progress1592 Words   |  7 PagesA Bridge of â€Å"Progress† ---------character analysis of Makola As the only native workers and cultivated nigger in the trading station, Makola in â€Å"An Outpost of Progress† by Joseph Conrad seems to be a bridge between the natives and the white men. Moreover, Makola is not only a bridge as an interpreter for natives and the white men, but also as a bridge connects civilized and savage culture as a victim of â€Å"progress†. For the two white men from light society to the wide Africa, Makola as anRead More We Should Reach out to Muslims Essay1974 Words   |  8 Pagespeoples religions are difficult to approach in a fair and balanced way. The tenets of my religion assert that when I take communion I am ingesting the actual flesh and actual blood of an itinerant preacher who died 1,973 years ago in a backwater outpost of the Roman Empire. Personally, I am used to the idea, but I can quite see that it might seem preposterous to an outsider. That Muhammad was Gods messenger does not seem a priori any less probable than that Jesus Christ was His son. As a matterRead MoreInfluence Of Western Media On Our Perception Of Islamic Culture2200 Words   |  9 Pagesvictim. So for many people the conflict is understood as a conflict of land and borders† Western media is fails to provide us with an unbiased, knowledgeable insight, †¦ â€Å"by distorting basic facts regarding the core of the conflict – which are colonialism, racism and several uneven distribution and lack of balance in power relations.† A distorted Western perspective of the people of Islam has been an issue for many centuries. Palestinian-American professor at Columbia University, Edward Said, authoredRead MoreThe Central Station Essay2225 Words   |  9 Pagesonce he had succeeded in establishing a commercial relationship with the natives, his success. With a station allowed to become bare of goods and stores, Kurtz is forced to decide either to seek relief from the Company Station or else abandon his outpost and his work. He does neither. Kurtz s tragic mistake occurs when he decides instead to turn his back on the headquarters, on relief, on thoughts of home and to return to his empty station. The turning point in Kurtz s career, in his plans, in hisRead More Heart of Darkness Essay2840 Words   |  12 Pagesdarkness, a brightness shines though. When black inhabitants are forced to work under the conditions of European mechanical labor, they acquire expressions of the quot;deathlike indifference of unhappy savagesquot; (30). The imposition of European progress brings the men closer to savagery. The people that the colonists view as quot;savagequot; become even more so when placed in chain gangs, which suggests that it is the Europeans who actually possess the savageness. A further indication of the darkRead MoreRole of Voluntar y Organizations in Community Development in Nigeria3804 Words   |  16 Pagesof the people are united with those of government authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural conditions of communities, so as to integrate them into the life of the nations and to enable their people to contribute fully to national progress (United Nations, 1963). Along this line, Fakoya (1984) argued that community development provides avenue for people to organize themselves for planning action, define their common and individual needs and problems, make group and individual plansRead MoreThe Acquisition of Singapore by the British4058 Words   |  17 Pagesbuildings around Fort Canning. Raffles, and the first Resident of Singapore, William Farquhar, gradually molded Singapore from a jungle-ridden backwater with poor sanitation and little modern infrastructure to a successful entreport and colonial outpost. Hospitals, schools and a water supply system were built. Soon, boatloads of immigr ants from India and China were coming to Singapore, in search of prosperity and a better life. Sooner or later Singapore became one of the most vital commercial andRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslight cigarettes sold by the British American Tobacco Company and lamps filled with Standard Oil kerosene so that they could see more clearly while using their Singer sewing machines. The Indian countryside was also decisively transformed by colonialism and integration into global markets—albeit with policies that at times made Indians less mobile rather than more so. But the 30 †¢ CHAPTER 1 holistic relations of migration, goods, and money that characterized the Atlantic system wereRead MoreRp-Us Visiting Forces Agreement12890 Words   |  52 Pagesmost ubiquitous signs of neocolonial control in the Philippines – the US military bases – has made conducting military operations in the country very difficult. Since neither this nationalist spirit nor the enduring sentiment opposed to US neo-colonialism has abated, an all out war in the region would not be possible. Thus, as the United States launched its â€Å"war on terrorism† in Southeast Asia via the Philippines, it had to be very practical in approaching this complicated situation. With a Philippine

Week Final Free Essays

My upbringing was of a military family with my Father being from central Indiana and my mother coming from Japan, this difference has interestingly shaped my views a little bit differently from hers, but on the same side of things as we have become older shaped a truly similar point of view on ourselves, family, and society. Taking the Myers Briggs test I scored a type SITS and was named a Trustee, meaning that I was more Introverted, sensing, thinking, and Judging than my mate although similar with a type JIFFS and names conservator tying between introverted and extroverted, ensign, feeling, and judging being her higher marked percentages. What I found out is that for me it was pretty accurate I feel as I am more introverted when it comes to accomplishments and things that I can do to make things matter most. We will write a custom essay sample on Week Final or any similar topic only for you Order Now Am a thinker and think most before doing something whether It has to do with myself of others, and overtime have become Judging in my perception of Issues or Ideas. My Interviewee tested similar with the exception of being more feeling, I for one can see this as she is always looking out for the less fortunate, and helping when she can no tater what, spreading her schedule thinner as the days of the week unfold. My interviewer remembers information better if given the opportunity to observe rather than reading about a behavior. The reason was given that to observe Is better than reading as translation can be misconstrued or left out when trying to remember Just what It was you had Just read about. I for one am split between the two as I do learn better by observing an example or technique than reading, but feel strongly that I can also read about behaviors or techniques and then apply what I had just read bout, I also feel that with the more media on sicknesses and disorders in schools and with more kids being diagnosed with ADD it comes to a point that what you take in daily Is the information on what signs to look for and where to seek help, another Instance is that It seems like you can Just talk to any given parent who has kids and school and you will find someone who has experienced this firsthand or knows someone who has dealt with it. Interviewee chooses to study at home with distractions and noise as opposed to going to a quiet place like a public library. She feels as though noise and distractions are of no concern over the ability to be comfortable in her own setting at home, and she doesn’t really want to be in a place unfamiliar because that alone will give her more distractions than any that could could settle into a calm quiet environment better to be able to concentrate better with little or no distraction apparent. I know that if I chose to study at home and was not able to retreat to my downstairs office for peace and quiet I would not be able to concentrate long enough to do any good. One way I study at home is to do it either early in the morning or later in the evening so that I am not tempted to see what else the family is doing of find myself choosing to partake in other activities other than studying. The results of the Myers Briggs test for the interviewee was one of being a conservator; she was more opt to minister to others needs and desired to be of service to others first besides herself. I on the other hand was one of Trustee, decisive in practical affairs, and a guardian of time honored institutions. My interviewee felt as if the test was somewhat accurate and that it lacked accuracy on how she believed she should of scored, she had a hard time believing that only a little over 13% of the population was indeed similar to her. She felt that with Christianity being as high as it was in the U. S. That more people should have been scored as to have the desire to help others in need and to mentor to them. I thought that the test was fairly accurate for me as I am very traditional in my thinking and decisive, but felt similar as I thought that more than 11% should be like me. My interviewee thought that childhood memories of church and observations on how her parents treated others shaped her personality as a young women, and then as she matured it grew into a better relationship with her memories of church that helped her to continue to want to go and become better at doing the things that Christ has died for us to become. She felt strongly that it was her desire or the Holy Spirit moving in her lead her to this understanding and defines who she is today. I felt different as I was never brought up in church and didn’t even attend church until I aired my wife and was then arrears old. I feel that my parents strong will to be respectable after all my father was in the Ana and I held a pretty straight line or suffered the consequences for my actions, that and the Japanese culture from my mother’s side which has a very high respect for a family honor that molded my transformation as a young man to adulthood. I do feel that after living the way I did, which was a typical one as a young man it was later in life when my wife asked me to attend church that I felt something was missing and that desire led to my walk with Christ that shaped my personality today. Interviewee feels as if she is very self monitoring as I pertains to her attitude each and every day, an attitude that starts with what she takes in, what she reads, watches, meditates to, music she listens to, and even the food she eats. She made the comments â€Å"garbage in garbage out†. I felt as if this has also led my day as well. I choose to be conscious of what I say and what I do. This awareness affords me the ability to handle the everyday stresses with work, school, kids, etc. Tit confidence that I can get through the day Just as long as I have the attitude to behave positively and responsibly. The strongest things that influence the interviewee’s attitudes are scripture. She gives GOD her first and last each and every day. This positive uplifting meditation that includes, prayer, bible readings, and awareness allows herself to be charged for positive things and allows her the ability to handle stressful times with integrity and honor to GOD. The thing that I felt strongly about that has the most influence on my attitude is my mind. If I allow things torn down with negative influences. I too feel that a conscious relationship with Christ has offered me and equipped my spirit to handle stressful situations with integrity and honor as well. How to cite Week Final, Papers

Oppression - Langston Hughes Essays - American Literature

Oppression - Langston Hughes In the poem Oppression written by Langston Hughes the writer gives us incite about his views on the topics of oppression and emancipation. During the poem the writer shows that no matter how bad things get and how unfair you are being treated someday you will persevere though it all. In the poem the author writes "now dreams are not available to the dreamers nor songs to the singers" showing the readers that people are not being given rightful treatment in society and even though people have rights they are not being appointed to them. Along with this the author says, "in some lands dark night and cold steel prevail", when Hughes says this he enables the readers to see that regardless of who you are sometimes you will still be treated unjust and that a lot of people in the world are not being given rightful treatment making their lives a lot harder. Finally, at the end of the poem Langston says "but the dream will come back and the song break its jail" when the writer is saying this he is allowing the readers to understand that no matter how bad things get, that things can get better. In the last statement, Hughes is referring to emancipation displaying that you can become free from the unjust treatment.

Group Behavior on Individual Workers †Psychology Essay

Group Behavior on Individual Workers – Psychology Essay Free Online Research Papers Group Behavior on Individual Workers Psychology Essay How can the existence of a group affect the behavior of the individual worker? Groups are found in all situations inside and outside the working environment, and play a large part in the everyday working of companies. If management wish to ensure they can influence the behavior of their employees, then they must be aware of and understand how groups work and what kind of impact they can have if not handled well. According to Mullins (2002) â€Å"Groups are a characteristic of all social situations and almost everyone in an organisation will be a member of one or more groups.† A popular definition of a group has been given in psychological terms by Schein (1988). He defines a group as â€Å"any number of people who (1) interact with one another; (2) are psychologically aware of one another; and (3) perceive themselves to be a group.† Another definition, provided by Adair (1986), is that a group is â€Å"a collection of people who share most, if not all, of the following characteristics: a definable membership; group consciousness; a sense of shared purpose; interdependence; interaction; and ability to act in a unitary manner.† There are a number of different types of group, whi ch can be classified under the following terms: primary group; secondary group; formal group; informal group; reference group; large group and; small group. Within primary groups each member will tend to know all of the other members and will interact on a faces of secondary groups may include department stores or factories, where the primary groups are individual departments or sections. Both primary and secondary groups can be perceived as formal or informal. It is stated by Mullins (2002) that â€Å"Formal groups are created to achieve specific organizational objectives and are concerned with the co-ordination of work activities† and that â€Å"Informal groups are based more on personal relationships and agreement of group members than on define role relationships. They serve to satisfy psychological and social needs not related necessarily to the tasks to be undertaken†. Reference groups are groups, which a person may identify with or aspire to, but they may never meet that group. This type of group can influence people who may not in any clear sense be a member of that group. Reference groups can also be either ascribed, of which membership is automatic, or acquired, where membership is voluntary. A board of directors within a company is an example of a reference group to an employee who wishes to advance their career within that company. When referring to the size of group, it is generally thought that if it exceeds a certain number of members its dynamic forces will lose much of their intensity. Depending on the context of the group that number may vary, but the usual dividing line between small and large groups is between fifteen and twenty. Four main phases of development of groups have been identified by Tucker (1965). These are forming, storming, norming and performing. The forming stage is the initial formation, where a number of individuals are brought together who identify the purpose of the group, what the rules of the group should be and what behavior is acceptable from members. During this stage there is thought given and importance placed on hierarchical structure and appointing a leader. It is likely that members will feel some anxiety as each member tries to make an impression and test each other, making their mark within the group. The storming stage is the second stage, during which the members of the group will get to know each other to a greater extent, and will be more likely to air their views more openly and even forcefully. Rebellion may be present against the leader of the group, with members resisting control exerted by others within the group, and conflicts and hostility arising. According to Mullins (2002) â€Å"The storming stage is important because, if successful, there will be discussions on reforming arrangements for the working and co-operation of the group, and agreement on more meaningful structures and procedures.† The third stage is the norming stage. During the norming stage cohesion develops between the group members and conflict and hostility begins to be overcome. Mullins (2002) states â€Å"The norming stage is important in establishing the need for members to co-operate in order to plan, agree standards of performance and fulfill the purpose of the group. This cooperation and adherence to group norms can work against effective organizational performance. It may be remembered, for example, that, in the bank wiring room experiment of the Hawthorne studies, group norms imposed a restriction on the level of output of the workers.† The Hawthorne studies will be mentioned later in this essay. The fourth stage of the group development is the performing stage, which will only be reached if the preceding three stages have been completed successfully. During this stage the group should be able to work effectively as a team, with optimum cohesiveness and flexible and functional roles. The energy, which was previously used through resisting demands and conflicting opinions, is now used to work together effectively. At this stage the group will perform their best work, concentrating on the common goals. Different types of groups may spend different amounts of time on each stage, with some groups never reaching the final stages. The personality and levels of dominance of each member may play a large part in the failure or success of the group and its ability to progress through the four stages mentioned above. Also, as time goes by and changes occur, such as new members joining the group or old members leaving, the group may re-enter the cycle and begin the development process all over again. In order to find out if the group members are working together effectively personality wise then the work of Jacob Moreno and his socio-grams can be useful if utilized correctly. Obviously there must be a successful working relationship between group members in order for them to succeed, but as well as having people with corresponding knowledg e and skills, it must be ensured that the team members are capable of dealing with each other on a personal and social level. If members are too dissimilar personality wise, then some members may clash, or others may feel left out, to the detriment of the group’s productivity and morale. Jacob Moreno developed socio-metry, which is the study of relationships within a group of people as a method of indicating group members’ feelings of acceptance or rejection. He began his research by asking people who their friends were and he explored the ways in which the relationships they had with others could be both limitations and opportunities for action as well as for their psychological behavior. Moreno invented socio-grams, which are the way in which the patterns of interpersonal relationships, which are derived from sociometry, are illustrated in diagrammatical form. Sociograms will show the choices and preferences, likes or dislikes, and the interactions between group memb ers, as well as displaying the structure of the group and recording how often the members are in contact with each other and for how long. Each member of the group will be asked to rate the other members in terms of a given characteristic. The questions asked could be relating to either work or social activities, for example one question could ask who they would most or least prefer as a colleague, and another may ask who they may choose to go on holiday with, and who would they choose not to go with. Some socio-grams require only positive answers, while others take into account positive and negative answers. When results are illustrated in diagrammatical form there is a clear visual description of the sociometric structure of the group, so it can be easily seen where cliques exist, or which members are popular or isolated, or those who act as links. There are several typical relationship structures, or sociometric representations, which can be seen in most socio-grams. Some of thes e are the star, which is the most popular member, the pair or mutual pair, a chain structure that is typical with most socio-grams and links the members through others, and a triangle, which shows that there is a clique within the group. As mentioned above, it is important that the group members get along with each other if the group is to succeed. If there are too many opposing personalities, or there are too many people with the same type of personality. For example of there are two or three members vying for the leadership role then they will be too busy competing for control over the group to perform at an acceptable level. If some members of the group form a clique, leaving individual members in isolation then there may be a decline in performance, as communication and group harmony will not be at the optimum level for maximum effective performance. Also, if the group is not communicating or getting along, they are unlikely to reach the final stages of group development as iden tified by Tucker (1965) which is mentioned earlier in this essay. The structuring of communication channels holds influence over the degree to which members of a group interact with each other. Levels of satisfaction felt by individual group members as well as group performance levels are affected by these interactions also. Dr Janet Bavelas researches communication networks within groups, to show who communicates with whom in a group and how the group structure can affect the speed of communication. The research by Bavelas (1948) and others such as Leavitt (1951) resulted in a series of communication networks being designed, which were based on groups consisting of five members who were engaged in a number of tasks. These members were only allowed to communicate with each other via written notes, and they were not always permitted to communicate with all other members. The five main types of communication network are the wheel, which may also be called the star, the circle, the all -channel, which is also referred to as the common, y, and chains. The wheel is the most centralized of the networks, and is therefore the most efficient for simple tasks. Using this network there will be fewer mistakes s there are fewer information flows, resulting in problems being solved more quickly. This method becomes less suitable however, as the problems become more complicated and the link person who is at the center of the network, and therefore perceived as leader of the group and co-coordinator of group tasks, has to cope with more demands. The link person will generally experience a higher level of satisfaction than the members on the periphery of the structure. The circle network is more decentralized and overall it is a less efficient method. Using this method tends to result in slow and erratic performance, with the group being less organized with low leadership predictability, as there is not one set link person. However, this method can be quicker than the centraliz ed methods at solving more complex problems and more effective and efficient at coping with changes and new tasks. All members will tend to feel the same level of job satisfaction using this method, as there is no link person to be perceived as leader, and every member will be involved equally in decision-making. The all-channel network is another decentralized network, which involves full participation and discussion, and appears to work most effectively when all members of the group are required to interact to a high degree with each other in order to solve the problems they are faced with. As with all decentralized networks there is low leadership predictability and equally high satisfaction for all members, although this type of network may not withstand much pressure, under which it may either disintegrate or be reformed into a wheel network. ‘Y’ or chain networks, like the wheel structure, may be more suited to simple problem-solving tasks, as they require less in teraction between group members. These networks are slightly more centralized, as information has a predetermined channel along which to flow, and leadership predictability is between that of the most centralized and decentralized networks. The group members’ satisfaction levels will be low to moderate using this network. According to Mullins (2002) â€Å"Findings from these studies indicate that the greater the interconnectedness of the network, the higher the general level of satisfaction of members in the group. Groups that were allowed to establish their own communication networks, and those who did so with the minimum of links, took less time to solve their tasks.† Norms, as defined by Jones and Gerard (1967) are â€Å"Expected modes of behavior and beliefs that are established either formally or informally by the group†¦Norms guide behavior and facilitate interaction by specifying the kinds of reactions expected or acceptable in a particular situation†. Taking this definition into account it is therefore reasonable to assume that group behavior can be constrained by some standards and expectations set. In 1935 Muzafer Sherif first published his study, which set his subjects a simple perceptual task, to be completed first by individuals, and then by small groups. The judgments made and behavior shown by the individuals was different to those made when the groups were involved and allowed to exchange information on judgments. It was shown that where group norms emerged these were used by the group members when later tested individually, indicating that that group norms become relatively permanent, although few of the subjects were consciously aware that their judgments had been influenced by the others in the group. The concept of norms is important when studying conformity and deviance, which is discussed below in terms of studies by Asch (1956) Asch had nine volunteers to take part in what they understood to be a perception expe riment. The task they were given was to judge which of three lines of different length were the same length as the standard line. The answer in all cases was obvious. When each subject was alone, neither of them made mistakes, however on certain trials one subject was asked to give his answer after a unanimously false majority, who chose an obviously false answer. In the results of the experiments thirty two per cent of all of the judgments were wrong, thirty three of the subjects conformed on more than half of the trials, and only twenty five per cent of the subjects were unaffected by the group pressure. Very few of the subjects later admitted to disliking the idea of contradicting the group. Through his studies Asch also noted that the higher the number of members in the group, the higher the level of conformity. One of the main reasons that people in groups conform can be to enable decisions to be made. This is also the case where deviance is concerned. People may question the f irst suggestions of the group so that better decisions can be reached, as it is doubtful that the first suggestion will be the best one. However, deviance can lead to conflict within groups. This conflict can either be constructive, where group members carefully weigh the strengths and weaknesses of proposals, or destructive conflict which occurs when members do not have the best interest of the group in mind, such as during a power struggle or personality dispute. If groups have effective structures and communication strategies, then they will be a success, and being part of a successful group will benefit individuals in terms of morale, as their social motives, such as their needs for security, friendship and belonging. The organization will benefit through its profit levels and through low staff turnover and customer complaints if the groups in place within the company. Also, if the groups within the company are operating efficiently, then Gestalt’s Principle of Synergy wi ll operate. The Oxford Dictionary definition of synergy is â€Å"The interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects†. This is the basis of the principle of synergy, where if the group is effective in its workings, then its productivity and worth as a group is greater than each individual group member could achieve when working on their own. However this theory can also work in reverse; if the group were not working effectively, then the productivity levels would be greater if each person was working on an individual level. This is particularly illustrated by the findings of the Hawthorne experiments, which are explained below. It sometimes occurs that group membership can have a negative effect on productivity, which is clearly illustrated in the Hawthorne experiments, which were carried out at the Western Electric Company in America. One of these experiments cons isted of a group of fourteen men being observed while working in the bank wiring room. These men formed their own cliques with members consenting to natural leaders emerging. Despite the fact that management had introduced a financial incentive scheme which allowed the men to receive more money if they produced more work, the group decided that a fair level of output was six thousand units per day, although they were able to produce much more. The group placed pressure on individual workers, which was stronger than the appeal of the financial incentive scheme. The work group developed their own set of norms relating to what they considered to be proper group behavior. These were that group members should not be ‘rate busters’, ‘chisellers’, ‘squealers’, or ‘officious’. A ‘rate-buster’ was someone who had a rate of output that the group considered too high according to the level they had set for combined output. A †˜chiseller’ was someone whose production levels were too low compared with the other group members. To avoid being thought of as a ‘squealer’ the members were not allowed to say anything to the manager or supervisor which might harm the other group members, and being ‘officious’ would be someone who had authority over the other members taking advantage of this seniority or distancing themselves socially from the group because of their seniority. The group had developed its own range of sanctions in case any members did not conform to the norms that had been set. These sanctions included damaging completed work, hiding tools, sarcasm, playing pranks on inspectors, and ostracizing the members who refused to conform. They also made threats of physical violence, with the group also developing a system to punish offenders by striking a hard blow on the upper part of the arm, which they called ‘binging’. This method was also used as a means t o control conflict within the group. The group also decided that instead of allowing their supervisor to report their individual daily production figures, they did the reporting themselves, which the supervisor consented to in order to keep in the groups favor. It is apparent from the content of this essay that groups can have either a positive or a negative effect on individuals, whether relating to their production or on a personal level. Individuals who feel they have to conform to group norms may feel a sense of belonging within the group, and if the group norms are demanding that the group work effectively and fairly then they will feel motivated also. However, f some individuals are feeling bullied into following unacceptable norms, then their work will suffer as will their self-esteem and feeling of worth. This will inevitably lead to poor production and staff turnover levels increasing. Organizations should pay careful attention to the personality types of the individuals th ey wish to place together in a team to avoid conflict and to ensure the group performs effectively. Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. John Scott (1996) Management and Organizational Behavior Mullins (2002) Foundations of Social Psychology Jones and Gerard (1967) Leadership in Group Settings The definition of a small group is a group having at least three and no more than fifteen members. At least three members are necessary to keep the group from being two of the same, and a maximum of fifteen members is important to avoid inhibition of the group members’ ability to freely communicate with fellow group members. (Effective Group Discussion 2001) It is necessary for the group to have a common purpose or goal in order to bring the group together and help the group to avoid conflict and tension. Small group communication is an important part of everyday life. We are all involved in some type of small group in some way. In all aspects of the dynamics of a small group, this is a perfect example of how important communication is. According to Merriam-Websters Dictionary online, Group dynamics is the interacting forces within a small human group. (www.merriam-webster.com , 2000) It includes the sociological study of these forces. The term was first introduced in the U.S. by the German-American psychologist Kurt Lewin. One of his findings was that group behavior affects many aspects of life. Group dynamics is concerned with the structure and functioning of groups and with the types of roles played by members. Roles are flexible and may change with changing goals or activities. The study of group dynamics is important in order to understand and facilitate this movement so that it will be productive and beneficial to society. â€Å"The group seems to have developed effective mechanisms to control the disruptive rising of conflicts and the ability to enhance more harmonic relationships, heightening the original good characteristics and sharing a common ideal of social harmony.† (The dynamics and the interpersonal and interpersonal relations within an isolated group in extreme environments 2000) In the following paragraphs, information and examples is presented on how groups form, how they are motivated, and how they can be put into two distinct classifications. Groups are caused by various factors, but are broken up into two distinct categories, voluntary groups and involuntary groups. Each group has many separate categories that can be explored. However, the difference between voluntary and involuntary groups will be exploited first. Voluntary groups are those in which an individual chooses to become a part of such as: hobbies, political action, social consciousness, racial rights or special interest groups. People become members of these groups to feel accepted in society. Sometimes these groups cause hatred and conflict amongst other groups, yet members remain because they feel their cause is just. On the other hand, involuntary groups are compulsory in that the members have no choice in their formation. (Leadership Emergence in Autonomous Work Teams 1999) For instance, a person may have a job in which they have been assigned to a group to work out a difficult issue. In this group a supervis or chooses a select few to research a component and provide solutions to better improve the efficiency. The members did not choose to be a part of the group. They were simply appointed based on a number of factors the supervisor found important to solving the issue at hand. Whatever the reason a group may form, they all have similar workings. Every group has leaders and followers. Directions, goals, and requirements are defined and at some point in time the behavior of the group is formed. The group sets goals to achieve an acceptable outcome within the scope of the group. It then organizes itself to obtain the outcome as easily as possible. Over a period of time the members may even become dependent upon one another to the point that they may feel lost without the group and feel inadequate. These groups can be categorized into two distinct categories; formal and informal. Formal groups include quality circles, decision making meetings, orientations, training, department meetings, a dvisory councils and sales meetings, to name a few. (Leaderships and innovations among teams 1997) Informal groups include social activities outside the office, luncheons, coffee breaks, informal meetings, retreats and gripe sessions. These discussion encounters often provide a platform for individuals to voice their opinions on a subject or to pass on information they have received. Both formal and informal groups have a synergistic effect, strengthen an organization. Every one of these groups are motivated to complete their cause. The motivation is generally driven by one or a few individuals that are outgoing and have the ability to lead a group with total confidence given by the other members. But, what exactly is â€Å"leadership†. According to our context, leadership can be defined as the â€Å"interpersonal influence† or human communication that modifies, directs, guides, and controls others in such a way as to obtain their willing obedience, confidence, respect and loyal cooperation in accomplishment of an objective. (Effective Group Discussion 2001) Leaders are not born, sure there are some gifts-traits-attributes, natural endowments that affect relative abilities, but they are not born, they are made. Any reasonably intelligent person with enough forcefulness to develop his/her ability to inspire others to follow him can earn leadership status. Remember that we have both formal and informal leaders. Being a Captain /Sergeant doesn’t make you a leader. J Patrick Dobel refers to classic leadership theory because it describes an approach to understanding leadership that by and large is out of style. Nonetheless it is clear that one can learn a great deal by studying the important personal ingredients in the leadership equation. (Political prudence and the ethics of leadership 1998) Studying the traits of great leaders became unpopular because it was and is associated with the â€Å"great man† theory of leadership. This approa ch was espoused in the 19th. and early 20th centuries, and asserted the leadership qualities are largely inherited. This was called â€Å"trait theory.† Researchers such as Mann and Stodgill found no consistent correlate between particular traits and leadership. Later research, particularly more recent and more sophisticated work has found a consistent and strong relationship between certain traits and leadership. (Leadership Emergence in Autonomous Work Teams 1999) Possessing these core traits simply makes it more likely that a person will take the appropriate action leading to leadership success. What is the nature of leadership? Leadership is an art form in that is an expression of the individual within the social and environmental context. Leadership also reflects the individual’s personality. It can also be learned; you may have a talent for it, you may not, either way, anyone can still become an effective leader. Through science, we can study the elements of lead ership and provide valuable understanding into its nature. This enables us to determine where to focus our leadership skills and abilities, as well as measure to some extent, our effectiveness. Many people believe that there is one type of leadership that is most effective, and if they can only develop that style, they would be effective as a leader. (Leadership Emergence in Autonomous Work Teams 1999) Some leaders have one style, and honestly believe that it is best to stick with what comes naturally. As with any art form, one has a number of tools at one’s disposal. Take for example the ability to listen and the listening effectiveness of the group members. A good leader is supposed to always be an active listener. Active listening shows that the leader cares, is interested and wants to be involved, enabling the leader to benefit from the experience. Listening skills are â€Å"far superior† in leaders, compared to all the other members of the group. (Examining the Re lationship Between Listening Effectiveness and Leadership Emergence 1998) The primary objective of a leader would be to adapt the principles of listening into their own life. If the leader is not a good listener, then he/she should learn how to really listen. In addition to listening and carefully understanding what a team member is saying, a leader should also make sure that every team member gets the leaders undivided attention. Unfortunately, as a listener, leaders have their own problems to face with. Listeners frequently have too many sound and visual signals reaching them at the same time. It is difficult for the listener to pay attention to multiple speakers all at once. Also, there could be a number of other problems the leader could be facing in their own life. The leader as a listener will never listen with understanding until other matters are forgotten for the moment and attention is given to the speaker. Another problem involved with listening is the leader not being ab le to understand the words being spoken. Hearing what is being spoken is just a part of listening, but understanding some of the words could be tricky sometimes. To avoid problems involving listening, the listener should use good eye contact so that he/she can concentrate on the particular speaker. That helps the listener pay attention on the subject too. Leader should also learn the meaning of the words the speaker is using and if he is unable to understand, he needs to ask questions. This also lets the speaker know that the listener is unable to understand and the listener is paying attention. These are signs of effective communication It is critical that good group leaders display the ability to effectively communicate with their associates and subordinates as well as train and encourages others to demonstrate those same communication skills. By doing so, they will promote an efficient working environment for solving tasks. The first challenge in effectively communicating with ot her people understands other different people. Because everyone is different from one another, the communication barriers start to appear. People are already facing differences from many levels of society. And with every new group that enters into the society, there are still the cultural differences such as traditions, beliefs, and expectations that are thrown into the mix as well. All of this, as well as many other issues only further complicates the task of achieving effective group communications. Perhaps the most obvious difference in the current group environment is the difference of the sex. (Are We Still Stereotyping Leadership 1997) Women possess a tendency to be more subtle or convincing rather than shouting out demands. Studies have shown that women are more likely to construct their requests in the form of suggestions or leading questions rather than be more direct. The conflict is evident if one considers the fact that males possess the complete opposite tendency. Men a re more â€Å"masculine† and are often more direct and to the point. These two contrasting different can cause lots of misunderstandings of all sorts. Women also do not hesitate to mix business with personal talk where men are more anxious to get to the details of the business at hand. For women this seems to be a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the personal talk brings down some barriers and lets each one get to know the other so everyone is comfortable. This works in their favor in situations where they are meeting a group or individual for the first time. But on the other hand, after they become acquainted, they may have trouble separating their personal feelings and allowing them to enter into their business talk as well as their daily business activities. These types of preconceived notions are also present for every race and culture on the planet and they differ from culture to culture for each other. It is very difficult but even more important for today leaders t o put these preconceived notions to rest. One must remember that just because a person looks like Chinese, that it is possible that they have never even been to China. If this is true, they may be offended if someone was to treat them noticeably different or assume that they did not know how to do something. Even though a person has not told these thoughts, their actions can communicate these thoughts just as effectively. This is just one of the many types of subtle communication in which all people notice. It is imperative that people treat others based on merit rather than assumptions made on their looks or backgrounds. A multicultural environment is an asset only if each individual is treated equally and fair as the others. As team members witness their leader treating everyone with equality and fairness, they will be more inclined to emulate these actions with one another. (Leadership and Innovation Among Teams 1997) This will in turn help the group to value diversity and develo p creative problem solving skills. As conditions and situations change, leaders need to change their styles of leadership. The challenge of the leader is not to follow one leadership style all the time, but to use the leadership style needed by his followers. Leaders should maintain the power or influence of their offices by being kind and knowledgeable. The primary objective of being the leader would be to recognize the qualities necessary for a leader to be successful. Leader should be able to recognize various leadership styles and understand when each would be appropriate. Sometimes a leader will have to follow their group member and in such situations the good leader will appreciate the leadership, while serving the role of a follower. Leaders often have trouble deciding what leadership style to be used at what given instance. Another problem with leaders is that some leaders tend to follow the same leadership principles all the time and this is not a good idea to tackle specia l situations. The leader must not consider himself locked into a style of leadership with any individual or group. To avoid problems leaders should always act accordingly and change leadership skills depending on the situation and need. At the same time leader should be confident enough to be able to deal with the new skills. Every group needs a leader and the groups performance depends on the leader either directly or indirectly. The behavior as a manager has a direct impact on staff performance, productivity, satisfaction, and turnover. Proper Leadership skills are highly essential for a manager to make his/her group successful. The leadership principles mentioned in this paper are just a simple guideline for leaders to follow; however, a good leader does not require any guidelines. A good leader inherits leadership qualities by inheritance of leadership abilities and characteristics from their own life. But in small group setting, a good leader doesn’t know that he has the ability to use these characteristics. Not until the others members give that person a chance to â€Å"emerge† as a leader. (Leadership Emergence in Autonomous Work Teams 1999) Leader emergence occurs in autonomous, or leaderless, work groups when one members of that group exerts â€Å"significant influence over the other members of the group although no formal authority has been vested in that person.†(Leadership Emergence in Autonomous Work Teams 1999) Such people emerge from the autonomous group when members sense an urgency, time constraint, to produce out put. Since the group started off leaderless and is now forced to produce output, the emergent leader will take charge with out developing trust, or respect for others and others feelings. When the work group send a peer expectations for leadership, through a negotiated process the emerging leader will reinforce those expectations by exhibiting effective leadership behavior, but only if he/she is willing and capab le of doing the job. In conclusion, there are certain laws of leadership that determine one’s success in leading. If you violate or ignore them, then you will severely limit your effectiveness as a leader. These laws are the foundation of leadership, yet you will not find them in any university curriculum. These principles are best learned from experience. Once you learn the principles, you must consistently practice and apply them to your situation. True leadership cannot be awarded, appointed, or assigned. It comes only from influence, and that can’t be mandated; it must be earned. Leadership is about influencing people to follow, while management focuses on maintaining systems and processes. The best way to test whether a person can lead rather than just manage is to ask him to create positive change. Managers can maintain direction, but they can’t change it. Hard work is required to gain influence in any organization and to earn the right to become the leade r. If you can’t influence others, they won’t follow you. And if they won’t follow, you’re not a leader. Leadership is developed daily, not in a day. To be an effective leader you need followers, and that always requires the development of relationships – the deeper the relationships, the stronger the potential for leadership. William, J.B. William, J.B. (1998). Leadership and innovations among teams. J Patrick Dobel, â€Å"Political Prudence and the Ethics of Leadership,† Small Group Research 58, no.1 (Jan/Feb 1998): 74-81 Judith A Kolb, â€Å"Are We Still Stereotyping Leadership,† Small Group Research 28, no.3 (Aug 1997): 370-393 Simon Taggar, Rick Hackett, Sudhir Saha, â€Å"Leadership in Autonomous Work Teams,† Personnel Psychology 52, no.3-4 (Autumn 1999): 899-926 Scott D Johnson, Curt Bechler, â€Å"Examining the Relationship Between Listening Effectiveness and Leadership Emergence,† Small Group Research 29, no.4 (Aug1998): 452-471 Antonio Peri, Marta Barbarito, Matilde Barattoni, Ada Abraham, â€Å"The Dynamics and the Interpersonal Relations† Small Group Research 31, no.3 (June 2000): 251-274 WWW.merriam-webster.com , visited 12/04/01 John K Brilhart, Gloria J. Galanes, Katherine Adams, Effective Group Discussion: Theory and Practice (New York, NY: The McGraw Hill Press 2001), 8-9, 191 Research Papers on Group Behavior on Individual Workers - Psychology EssayThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenWhere Wild and West MeetInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Fifth HorsemanRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andStandardized TestingThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Writing Habits of Great Authors You Should Try

Writing Habits of Great Authors You Should Try Writing Habits of Great Authors You Should Try It’s not a secret that many famous writers of the past and the present had, or still have, habits considered strange by other people. Nevertheless, strange writing habits were dearly cultivated and consistently practiced by writers to help them boost their creativity or productivity or to get them into the right mood for writing. Here’s a short list of habits belonging to some well-known writers that you can use. Haruki Murakami: Routine as part of the process.  A famous Japanese writer, Haruki Murakami, has a special procedure, which he adheres to every time he turns on his â€Å"writing mode,† as he calls it. In this mode, he gets up at 4 a.m. sharp, and works on his writing for several hours straight (usually, as Murakami says, it takes up to six hours). After that, he goes running (10 kilometers), swimming (1500 meters), or both. Finally, at the end of such a productive day, Murakami listens to some music and reads, and goes to bed at precisely 9 p.m.Murakami believes that such a ritual, performed for years without even the slightest variation, can work as a form of hypnosis that helps set his mind for writing. Vladimir Nabokov: Using index cards can help.  A famous writer, Vladimir Nabokov, was known to use small index cards to write his ideas, or sometimes even the fragments of his current or future stories and novels, on. There was no particular order for these cards, so he could simply toss them in a random order from time to time which he did, actually. This method could lead to unexpected plot twists and combinations. Nabokov kept some blank cards under his pillow in case he suddenly got an interesting idea in the middle of the night. Victor Hugo: Eliminate all distractions†¦ or isolate yourself from them.  The author of Notre-Dame de Paris was known to procrastinate from a lot. One of his favorite occupations was to simply stroll around the streets. Probably, he could do this all day long; otherwise why would he ask his relatives to take away all his clothes? Without clothes, he obviously couldn’t exit his house, so the only thing he could do under such circumstances was to stay at home and work on his novels. Aaron Sorkin: Talk to yourself.  The screenwriter behind the â€Å"Social Network† movie (and some others as well) confesses that his way of writing in particular, it refers to dialogues is to speak out loud. Turning into an actor, he plays the roles of his own characters. You can read the dialogues line by line in order to determine whether they sound natural, where the flaws are, and what can be improved. The trick is that audial perception helps the brain detect all kinds of mistakes and discrepancies more easily, without being distracted by inner monologue. So, this method can be used not just for dialogues, but for writing in general. Dan Brown: Shift from mental to physical activity. The author of the famous Da Vinci Code says that standing on his head (or maybe hanging upside down?) helps him relax and get into a more creative state of mind. He also does pushups every half an hour, when writing. So, why wouldn’t you do the same? It sounds like a good habit to follow. Of course, these habits alone can’t improve your writing, or make you a great author. It’s even likely that none of them will work for you. The main idea is that every writer has their own unique ritual, habit, or trick, helping them to write more productively. You can try them out too, but the best thing would probably be to develop some peculiar writing habit on your own. Perhaps you ever need online custom writing help from academic experts? You are always welcome to contact our writing company.

Construction Contract Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Construction Contract Law - Research Paper Example Joint Contracts Tribunal (J.C.T), on the other hand, refers to another family of contracts custom-built for complex and large construction projects. This contract legally binds all the stakeholders working on the project from the employer to all the contracted individuals in the project (Rowlinson 2011, p. 4). Construction engineers are often at a crossroads when picking either of the two families of contracts. The differences are quite clear starting with the administrator or project manager of the project. In this essay will compare the two families of contracts to determine which is superior. The two contractual families, despite achieving similar results, have different approaches in handling a project’s stakeholders. The first major difference is how both contracts handle a project’s programme. The NEC contract, for instance, follows the last accepted programme in timing compensation (Eggleston & Eggleston 2006, p. 9). This Accepted Programme refers to the programme identified by the contract or the programme approved by the project manager. Once the project manager approves the latest programme, this programme will supersede all previous programmes. In the JCT 2011 contract, the master programme refers to the critical paths that the project must undergo during the course of the programme. In contrast to the NEC programme, the JCT 2011 programme is amendable during the course of the project (Chappell 2012, p. 62). The amendment period usually spans 14 days and the contractor is the one tasked with making the appropriate amendments. The second difference between the two contracts is the handling of time extension. The JCT contract, according to clause 2.27, states that delays that might occur during the Works the contractor is tasked with giving notice to the contract administrator (Chappell 2012, p. 38). The contractor is required to state the material circumstances that led to the causation of the delay. If an

English Lesson Plan For Pupils Of The Third Grade Essay

English Lesson Plan For Pupils Of The Third Grade - Essay Example STANDARDS: In this lesson, the students learn to meet standards of English expression by using prepositional phrases, as well as comparing nation and nationality, by producing short autobiographical stories. This concept is central to understanding nation vs. nationality (â€Å"S/he is French; S/he is from France†) generally and can aid students in their use of essays. THEME: The theme of the lesson is the presentation of autobiography. The location of the narrator in context to the city, state, and nation are consistently referred to in the lesson, in terms of locating these objects through using prepositions and appropriate descriptors (â€Å"London is a city; France is a country†). Therefore, places themselves, as location techniques, provide a continuous theme that is picked up by the class through using reading, writing, and most importantly, speaking. Language: Students are able to express the location and nationality of their parents and grandparents using descriptors, along with simple prepositional phrases. Students will demonstrate mastery of differentiation of nation and nationality, and then relate these constructions to space and placement using autobiographical stories. Content: Content standards discussed above are met through repetition and regression of problem areas. The content covers a span of relatively basic exercises in the differentiation of cities and countries, along with nations and nationalities, as they are used in various prepositional phrases and relations, and moves on to consider more complex constructions such as the present perfect (â€Å"I have been here for†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) (Getting, 1994). LEARNING STRATEGIES: In this lesson, visual learning is very important. Students learn to relate nations and nationalities through looking at maps and the representations of people through their placement in relation to space, time, and other objects.

The Case Against The Death Penalty :: essays research papers fc

THE CASE AGAINST THE DEATH PENALTY It's dark and cold, the fortress-like building has cinderblock walls, and death lurks around the perimeter. A man will die tonight. Under the blue sky, small black birds gather outside the fence that surrounds the building to flaunt their freedom. There is a gothic feel to the scene, as though you have stepped into a horror movie. Unfortunately, this is not a scene in a horror flick; these are the surroundings of an actual prison execution. As early as the founding of the United States, capital punishment has been a controversial and hotly debated public issue. The three most common forms of death penalties currently used in the United States are the gas chamber, electrocution, and lethal injection. The firing squad is an option in Idaho, Oklahoma, and Utah; and death by hanging still remains an option in New Hampshire and Washington state. There are major problems with our criminal justice system. In the last one hundred years, there have been more than 75 documented cases of wrongful conviction of criminal homicide. According to a 1987 Stanford University survey, at least 23 Americans have been wrongly executed in the 20th century. For this very reason, the State of Illinois imposed a moratorium on the state?s death penalty in 2000 when it was discovered that 13 inmates on its Death Row were wrongly convicted. Anthony Porter, one of the 13, spent 15 years on Death Row and was within two days of being executed, before a group of Northwestern journalism students uncovered evidence that was used to prove his innocence. In the United States there are currently 3,490 prisoners awaiting execution. Many of these prisoners are poor and are where they are because they could not afford good legal representation. Most of these prisoners are Black, and they have been arrested and incarcerated in southern states. According to the July 2004 Quarterly Report of the NAACP Criminal Justice Project, 52% of the inmates who currently sit on Death Row are Black or Hispanic. Another argument against capital punishment is that death sentences are not uniformly imposed as punishment in all cases where a heinous crime has been committed. In his book, Legal Lynching: Racism, Injustice and the Death Penalty, the Reverend Jesse Jackson basically argues that if you are a wealthy, White person, your odds of receiving the death penalty are low, but if you are a poor, African-American or other minority, your chances of receiving a death sentence for the same crime are much higher.

Legal and Political Aspects of the Business

Pick an administrative agency of either the Federal or a State government. Find where the current and proposed regulation changes for that agency are located on the internet. (i.e. the Federal Register or the State Administrative Agency website.) Regulations.gov is a good place to begin your research. Pick one proposed regulation change currently under consideration (if you find one which has already closed out, but interests you, you can use that, instead) and write the following regarding it: 1. State the administrative agency which controls the regulation. Explain why this agency and your proposed regulation interests you (briefly). Will this proposed regulation affect you or the business in which you are working? If so, how? Submit a copy of the proposed regulation along with your responses to these five questions. The proposed regulation can be submitted as either a separate Word document (.doc) or Adobe file (.pdf). This means you will submit two attachments to the Week 2 Dropbox: (1) a Word doc with the questions and your answers and (2) a copy of the proposed regulation you used for this assignment. The administrative agency I choose is the Social Security Administration and the proposed regulation is â€Å"Amendments to Regulations Regarding Withdrawal of Applications and Voluntary Suspension of Benefits†.I selected this agency because as most of us deal with it and some way or the other everyone in the family will affected by the proposed rules of it. Coming to this rule ,it is so interesting that how can they limit the period of applying and taking their rights away. 2. Describe the proposal/change. Basically workers have the right to choose when to apply for old age benefits.So depending on the time they apply the number of benefits will be decreased or increased accordingly. According to this proposed regulation they are limiting the time for the withdrawal of old age benefits applications. They only allow only one withdrawal for lifetime and also limit the voluntary suspension benefits.And they say that by doing these changes to the current policies they can avoid the misuse of them. 3.Write the public comment which you would submit to this proposal. If the proposed regulation deadline has already passed, write the comment you would have submitted. Explain briefly what you wish to accomplish with your comment. I am not favor of this proposed rule because my uncle who is about to retire in few years when he is 62 and wanted to postpone to apply for old age benefits at 70.This is because it will increase the benefits.At present he is good and planning to work few more years after retiring so that he can take care of his sister who is suffering from cancer.By this proposed rule he has to apply for the benefits within 12 month period after he retires which makes him out of money when he actually is in need of it.Old age people don’t have any one to take care of them and they all expect more benefits and they know when they do need the benefits.If they think that are they proposing this rule to not make it misuse or abuse they should find out the percentage of people who are suffering from it.

Math 106 And Its Effect On Students - 1268 Words

When educating students, it is essential to their growth, that teachers have the ability to learn and grow with their students. Every child learns, thinks, and comprehends differently; therefore, the same material should be taught in multiple ways. For example, in my Math 106 class, all students solve the same problem, the teacher then has a few students explain and depict the different ways they received the correct answer. When a student has a difficult time explaining their method, Mrs. Graybeal provides encouragement and guidance; thus. Also, students who are having a difficult time solving the problem used one of the methods provided by a peer to help them comprehend and solve the problem. Math 106 teaches future educators the†¦show more content†¦This allows students the ability to identify with themselves and be introduced to new methods, in order to create a safe and positive learning environment. Being a teacher, is signing off to be a lifelong learner; teachers con stantly adapt and grow with their students. When volunteering at North Frederick Elementary school, I got to watch both the teachers and students grow throughout the year. The kindergarten teachers would provide the same test at different times in the year, to portray students’ growth in particular areas. For example, the students would take a test at the beginning of the year, where they showed their ability to write and count from 1-10 and at the end of the year, they took an exam where they showed their ability to write and count from 1-100. Also, the kindergarten teachers used the result from the beginning exam to place students in groups, that would promote their growth the most. For instance, the teacher would provide each group would have different assigned games and classwork, that were easy enough for them to comprehend, but hard enough for them to really learn and think. Also, the group lessons were altered based upon the groups capabilities and sometimes the teache r would provide students with one-on-ones. Furthermore, the test results were compared to the standards set by common core and the state, so they could see the students’